1 Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L)

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.
)
Area and production
•Potato is one of the four major food crops of the
world.
•The other three crops being rice, wheat and maize.
•The global area under potato was about 19 million ha

with a total production of about 325 million tones.
•The major potato growing countries of the world China

ranks first in area, India ,Russian Ukraine, United
States, Poland.
•India production about 16-19t/ha and European and

American countries production about 30-40t/ha
Food value and other uses
• Potato is a food.
• Produce more dry-matter food, balanced
protein and more calories from unit area of
land and time than other major food crops.
• Potato is a nutrition's food.
• Essential nutrients as proteins and
minerals like Ca,P, iron and
vitamins(B1,B2,B6 and C)
Origin and distribution
• Potato is a native of tropical South
American region.
• Cultivated potato originated from its wild
near the lake Tritica basin in peru
Bolivian region in high mountains.
• The potato was introduced in Europ in 17th
century.
• The portugues trade bring from Europ to
Esia.
Botany
• Potato is a dicot plant belonging to family
Solanaceae and the genus Solanum.
• This is a large genus and contains nearly
2000 species.
• The genus has been divided into two sub
geniuses, Pachystemonum and Leptostemonum.
• Potato about 72% of the species are diploid(2n=24),
nearly 12% Tetra ploid(2n=48), the rest are
triploid(2n=36), penta ploid (2n=60) and
hexaploid(2n=72)
Breeding methods
•Potato is a self pollinated crop but is vegetative
propagated.
•The cultivated tetraploid varieties are highly
heterozygous.
Hybridization and selection:
In hybridization, crosses are made between
selected parents.
Back cross method: cultivated potato does not
possess(no) resistance to most of the diseases and
pests
• -Resistance genes are mostly found in wild and
semi-cultivated species.
-Hybridization is done between cultivated and wild or

semi cultivated.
-Transfer of the resistant genes from wild species in to

cultivated potato is a difficult task.
• Hybridization technique:
-Potato naturally flowers under cool climate and long day conditions of
more than 15hrs light.
-Emasculation is done mostly in the evening.
-The five stamens forming , surrounding stigma , will open next day.
-collected, pollens.
-Pollination is done in the morning
-Each flower labeled and cover to protect pollination from foreign

pollens.
Crop production
High yield potential and success of cropping
systems depend upon appropriate management of
agronomic practices and use of inputs like seed,
fertilizers, water and plant protection chemicals.
Soil:
-Potatoes can grown in all types of soil having pH in
the range of 5.5-8.0
-Soil without compacted layers.
-Clods and stones reduce root contact with soil.
-Drained soil, sandy loam to loamy soils, rich in
organic matter are ideal for potato cultivation.
Climate
-Crop raised when maximum day
temperatures are below 35 oc and night
temperatures are not above 20 oc
-Good crop growth is observed when days

are sunny and night are cool.
Season
-Potato crop is taken in autumn/winter/spring
seasons.
-Best time of planting is when the maximum
and minimum temperatures are between 30-
32 oC and 10-20 oC.
-Short-duration crop, potato can be harvested
at any time after about 60-70 days after
planting till 100-110 days and sold in the
market.
Field preparation
• Prepared soil is room for tubers, retain soil
moisture.
• Ploughed to depth of 20-35cm and clods
are broken.
• The fields are properly leveled.
Seed
• Potato is traditionally propagated through tubers.
• The eyes on the surface of tubers axillary buds.
• Potato tubers have a dormancy of nearly 8-10
weeks.
• The stem number of 30 main stem/m2 to be
optimum.
• 40g tuber at 60cm distance between rows and
20cm between tuber to tuber.
• Each tuber at least one eye.
• Purity without any mixture, freedom from
diseases.
• The seed stocks are replaced after 3-4 years.
Planting
• Different methods are used for potato
planting.
• Ridge and furrow method is the most
popular.
Nutrient requirement
• Potato responds well to manures and fertilizers as
compared to cereals and legumes.
• Nitrogen is the primary limiting nutrient in potato
production directly affecting the tuber yield in all soil
groups.
• Calcium ammonium nitrate and ammonium
sulphate are good sources of nitrogen in potato.
• Phosphorus increases tuber yield
Mulching
• Helps in conserving soil moisture.
• Reducing soil temperature.
• Mulch (paddy, straw) good mulch applied
on ridges.
Irrigation
• Total water requirement between 350-
550mm depending upon soil type, climate
and crop duration.
• Pre planting irrigation-for uniform
germination.
• Irrigation is stopped about 10days before
harvesting of crop.
Weed management
• Weeds compete for nutrients, moisture,
light and space and loss in potato yields.
• Host to number of insect and pests.
• Controlled by hoeing and weeding, earthen
up.
• Chemical herbicide (Fluchloralin,
pendamethalin, Alachlor, Metribuzin,
Nitrofen, Oxyflorfen, Ametryn, Simazine etc.
Plant protection
• Late blight: effects the stems,leaves and tubers
losses tuber yield.
• Leaf spot: leaves and stems.
• Early blight:
• Scab diseases:
• Brown rot of tuber: wilting of plants in the field.
• Bacterial wilt disease:
• Aphids and leaf-hoppers:
• cutworms
Integrated disease management
Disease/pest variety Bio-control practices Chemical
Late blight R/SD Penicillium, Mancozeb,
Trichoderma Metalaxyl
Soil/tuber SD(short- Fusarium Boric acid
Borne duration)
Bacterial wilt SD Bacillus, Pseudomonas Bleaching, Powder
Viruses T (tolerant) Meristem/chemo Themothrapy
Potato tuber - - G. virus, lantana, Carbaryl
moth Pheromones
Cyst nematodes R (Resistant) Paceomyces Aldicarb
Early blight and R - Aldicarb,
leaf spot Mancozab+Urea
Aphids - - Insecticides
Harvesting
• Harvesting of potatoes is done before the
temperatures rise above 30oc
• 10-15 days after stopping of last irrigation.
Post-harvest
• All the cut damaged and rotted tubers are
removed.
• Tubers are then graded and packed in
gunny bags according to sizes.
• 4 size:small25g,medium25-50g, large 50-
75gt and extra large above75g.
• Storage in cold stores at2-4oc with high
relative humidity reduces weight loss in
tubers.

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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.

•The global area under potato was about 19 million ha

•The major potato growing countries of the world China

•India production about 16-19t/ha and European and

-Hybridization is done between cultivated and wild or

-Transfer of the resistant genes from wild species in to

-Emasculation is done mostly in the evening.

-Pollination is done in the morning

-Each flower labeled and cover to protect pollination from foreign

-Good crop growth is observed when days

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