Chapter Three: Data Encoding, Data Transmission and Multiplexing
Chapter Three: Data Encoding, Data Transmission and Multiplexing
Chapter Three: Data Encoding, Data Transmission and Multiplexing
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Introduction
Data transmission occurs between transmitter and receiver over
some transmission medium.
Transmission media may be classified as guided or unguided
In both cases, communication is in the form of electromagnetic
waves
Electromagnetic signals include power, voice, radio, waves,
infrared light, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays
The successful transmission of data depends on two factors:-
– The quality of the signal being transmitted.
– The characteristics of the transmission medium.
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Analog and Digital Data Transmission
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• Transmission
– Communication of data by propagation and processing of signals
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Digital Signals Carrying Analog and Digital Data
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Transmission Impairments
• Signal received may differ from signal transmitted due to various
transmission impairments [deficiencies]
• The impairments are in
– Analog - degradation of signal quality
– Digital - bit errors
• A binary 1 is transformed into a binary 0 and vice versa
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• The most significant impairments are Caused by:-
Attenuation and attenuation distortion
Delay distortion
Noise
• Solution:-
Amplifiers – analog signal
Repeaters – digital signal
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Attenuation
• It is a phenomenon which occurs when signal strength falls off with
distance.
• It depends on medium, mediums such as Fiber optic cables carries signal
without attenuation up to 2Km.
• In communicating entities, received signal strength:
– must be enough to be detected
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Noise
• Additional unwanted signals that are inserted somewhere between
transmission and reception is known as noise.
• A major limiting factor in communications system performance.
• Noise can be:
– Thermal Noise
– Due to thermal agitation or distress of electrons
– often referred to as white noise; it cannot be eliminated
– Crosstalk
– A signal from one line is picked up by another
– Impulse Noise
– caused from electromagnetic interference, lightning, sudden
power switching, electromechanical switching, etc. 14
Digital and analogue signals
• All data stored in computers is stored in digital form (i.e. it is a
sequence of 0s and 1s).
• Exactly how this digital data is transmitted over the physical
cabling of the network can vary.
• If the digital signal is transmitted in analogue form then some
kind of conversion must take place at both the sending and
receiving computers.
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Analogue signals
• Analogue signals consist of a number of components:
– the amplitude is the height/value of the waveform,
– the wavelength is the length of a single wave, and
– the phase can be thought of as the starting point of the
wave.
• For example, an analogue wave that starts at zero
and goes upwards will have a different phase to one
that starts at zero and goes downward.
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• Bandwidth is defined as "the range of frequencies that
the channel is capable of transmitting without
interference or signal loss" and is measured in Hertz.
• The greater the range of frequencies a medium can
handle, the greater its information-carrying capacity.
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Digital transmission of digital data
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• To overcome the limitations of NRZ encoding,
which is lack of synchronization on the timing of
bits between the sender and receiver, biphase
encoding techniques can be adopted. These are:
– Manchester and differential Manchester Coding
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2. Manchester encoding
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• The two main types of multiplexing:
– Time-division multiplexing (TDM) and
– Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM)
• both aim to maximise the number of message
signals that can be transmitted over the shared
transmission link.
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Frequency-division multiplexing
• The earliest and least sophisticated method of
multiplexing, and can be employed only if the data
is being transmitted in analogue form.
• it offers the possibility of dividing the bandwidth
of the line into independent, permanently
assigned, lower-speed sub channels that operate on
particular frequencies within the spectrum.
• The speed (bits per second) at which the channel
operates depends upon the amount of bandwidth
(Hz) assigned to each channel;
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Time-division multiplexing
• Divides time into slices/parties called time slots.
• With TDM, each computer takes its turn at transmitting and
receiving data; the order in which the multiplexer serves the
computers is fixed.
• Depending upon the multiplexer type, the device accepts only
one bit, byte, or packet of data from each input line; puts it
into a specifically allocated time slot on the high-speed
transmission line; and then moves on to the next terminal in
the sequence.
• The process of accepting data from many computers in
succession is called interleaving.
• TDM can be used with both digital and analogue transmission.
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Thank You
?
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