Surgical Skin Preparation

Rationale
The following are Recommended Standards of
Practice related to skin prep in the perioperative
setting. The skin prep is part of the daily patient
care in the O.R.
The majority of surgical site infections (SSIs) are
caused by the entry of the patient’s own microbial
flora into the surgical wound. Since the patient’s
skin cannot be sterilized, skin prep is performed.
Skin prep aids in preventing SSIs by removing
debris from, and cleansing, the skin, bringing the
resident and transient microbes to an irreducible
minimum, and hindering the growth of microbes
during the surgical procedure.
PURPOSE
1. To reduce the resident and transient
microbial counts at the surgical site
immediately prior to making the
surgical incision.
2. To minimize rebound microbial
growth during the intraoperative and
postoperative period.
3. To reduce the risk of post surgical
site infection.
4. To prevent injury to the patient
during surgical skin preparation.
 SKIN PREPARATION
 Many surgeons prefer to have their  HAIR REMOVAL –carried out per surgeon’s
order, whether on the preoperative unit or in
bathe with antimicrobial soap the the OR as close to the scheduled time for
morning of the surgical procedure. surgical procedure as possible.
 CLIPPERS –electric clippers with fine teeth cut
hair close to the skin. Clipping can be done
immediately before the surgical procedure or
* The up to 24 hours preoperatively.
perioperative nurse should assess the DEPILATORY CREAM –hair can be removed by
chemical depilation before the patient comes
patient’s skin before, during and to the OR suite. This should not be used
after the prepping process. around the eyes or genitalia. After the cream
has remained on the skin for the required
time, usually about 20 min, it is washed off.
* Abnormal skin irritation, infection, The hair comes off in the cream.

or abrasion on or near the surgical RAZOR –shaving should be performed as near
the time of incision as possible if this method
site might be a contraindication to is used.
the surgical procedure and is  SKIN DEGREASING –it is used to enhance
reported to the surgeon. adhesion of ECG or other electrodes.
 PREPPING AREAS CONSIDERED
CONTAMINATED
UMBILICUS : some surgeons prefer the umbilicus to be
cleaned with cotton-tipped swabs before the main incision.

`STOMA :should be
isolated with a sterile clear plastic adhesive dressing to
prevent fecal material from entering the wound..

`OTHER CONTAMINATED AREAS: the

general rules of scrubbing the most contaminated area last
with separate sponges applies.

`FOREIGN SUBSTANCES –a none-irritating solvent should

be used to cleanse the skin. `TRAUMATIC
WOUNDS –the wound may be packed or covered with the
sterile gauze while the area around it is thoroughly scrubbed
and shaved if necessary.
`AREAS PREPARED FOR GRAFTS –the
donor site for a skin graft should be scrubbed with a colorless
antiseptic agent so that surgeon can properly evaluate the
vascularity of the graft postoperatively.
 ANTISEPTIC SOLUTIONS
QUALITIES OF AN IDEAL ANTISEPTIC
SKIN CLEANSING AGENT:
it has broad-spectrum antimicrobial action
and rapidly decreases the microbial count.

it can be quickly applied and remains

effective against microorganisms.

it can be safely used without skin

irritation or sensitivization.

it effectively remains active in

the presence of alcohol, organic matter,
soap, or detergent.
it should be non-flammable for
use with laser, electrosurgical, or other
high-energy devices.
 Common antiseptic solutions
CHLORHEXIDINE CLUCONATE –used as
antiseptic skin cleansing soap preoperatively.

IODINE AND IODOPHORS –it is used for

wound care
ALCOHOL –a 70%
concentration with continuous contact for
several minutes is satisfactory for skin
antisepsis if the surgeon prefers a colorless
solution that permits observation of true skin
color. TRICLOSAN –is a broad spectrum
antimicrobial agent.
PARACHLOROMETAXYLENOL –has a
bactericidal properties useful for skin
antisespsis.
 PREPARATION
VAGINA

1. Sponge forceps should

be included on the preparation table for a vaginal prep,
because a portion o prep is done internally.

2. With the patient in lithotomy position, a

moisture proof pad is placed under the buttocks and extends
to the kick bucket that receives solutions and discarded
sponges.
3. A towel is folded under the edge of the blanket above the
pubis.
4. Urinary catheterization is performed if indicated.
5.
The external area includes the pubis, vulva, labia, perineum,
anus and adjacent area, including inner aspects of the upper
third of thighs.
6. Begin over the pubic area
scrubbing downward over the vulva and perineum.
 Standard of Practice I
The patient and surgical team members should follow the surgeon’s preoperative orders.
Additionally, preoperative preparations by the surgical team should be completed.

 The surgeon’s orders may include the patient

taking a bath or showering with an antiseptic
agent the night before surgery and/or the
morning of surgery
 The preoperative patient interview should
include asking the patient if she/he has any
known allergies, as well as a review of the
patient’s history and physical.
 The surgical team should refer to the
surgeon’s orders pertaining to hair removal
(also referred to as “shave prep” in this
document) should or should not be
performed prior to skin prep. However, it is
recommended that hair removal not be
performed.
 Standard of Practice I
The patient’s body jewelry should be
removed from the area of the skin prep.
Patient education should include
informing the patient to not wear any
cosmetics the day of surgery.
For surgery that involves the fingers,
hand or wrist, the patient should
beinstructed to cut the nails short,
thoroughly clean the subungual areas
during the preoperative bath or
shower, remove artificial nails and nail
polish.
Standard of Practice II
The health care facility should use FDA-approved agents that
have immediate,
cumulative, and persistent antimicrobial action.
The skin prep agents
should have the following
properties: fast-acting,
persistent and cumulative
actions, and non-irritating.
The surgical team
members and infection
control officer should be
involved in the process of
evaluating and selecting
the skin prep agents.
 Standard of Practice III
Alcohol is an accepted antiseptic agent; however, it should not be used as the single
agent but as part of the skin prep regimen.
 The antimicrobial action of alcohols is the
denaturing of proteins. 60%-95% alcohol is
the most effective. Additionally, antiseptic
solutions that contain alcohol, such as
chlorohexidine with 70% alcohol, are less
effective at higher alcohol concentrations since
the denaturing of proteins does not easily
occur in the absence of water.
 Alcohol has broad-spectrum antimicrobial
properties, including the ability to destroy
Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as
well as multidrug-resistant pathogens
including MRSA and VRE, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and fungi
 Standard of Practice III
Alcohols have rapid activity when
applied to the skin, but alone do not have
a persistent, cumulative activity;
however, when combined with another
antiseptic agent persistent
When using an alcohol-based solution, the
health care facility procedure for
performing skin prep should follow the
manufacturer’s instructions since the
instructions can vary according to the
solution that is being used.( no mucous
membranes)
 Standard of Practice IV
Surgical team members should perform a standardized patient skin prep procedure
based upon manufacturer’s written instructions that are specific to the
antimicrobial agent to be used and according to health care facility policy and
procedures.

The surgical team member(s) who will

be performing the skin prep should
first perform a hand wash.
Gross soil, grease, skin oil, blood and
other debris should be removed from
the skin prior to performing the skin
prep
Just as with the surgical scrub, the
ideal duration of the skin prep has not
been established. However, it is
recommended that the skin prep last a
minimum of five, and until all sponges
have been used
 Standard of Practice IV

The paint solution should be

applied with prep stick sponges,
using the no-touch technique in
order to avoid contamination from
the gloves that came into contact
with the prep-solution soaked
sponges.
Alcohol and alcohol-based agents
should not be used on mucous
membranes.
Gentle pressure should be used
when applying the prep agents on
patients with friable skin
 Standard of Practice V
Contaminated areas require special attention and generally
should be prepped last.
Areas of high microbial counts,
including the axilla, groin, perineal
region, anus and vagina are prepped
last. Each sponge is used and
discarded; it should not be reused.
 Umbilicus.
 Stomas, skin ulcers, sinuses and
open wounds are considered
contaminated and should be
prepped last (stoma be isolated with
a sterile clear plastic adhesive
drape, irrigation with warm sterile
normal saline  open wounds)
 Standard of Practice VI
Surgical procedures, such as grafts, abdominal-perineal and abdominal-vaginal
require two separate skin preps to be performed.
Separate skin prep set-ups are
required for prepping the donor
and recipient sites for skin, bone
or vascular graft procedures.
( donor. Use less colourless.
Contaminate wound )
Abdominal-perineal and
abdominal-vaginal procedures
require separate skin preps since
the perineal and vaginal areas
are considered contaminated.
 Standard of Practice VII
Eye and facial preps may require the use of alternative prep solutions or diluted
regular solutions in order to avoid injury to the patient.
• Iodophors are contraindicated for use in eye
and facial preps. Both agents can severely injure
the cornea if they accidentally enter the eye.
Additionally both agents are ototoxic and can
cause sensorineural deafness if they enter the
inner ear.

Triclosan are considered non-toxic and should
be considered for use in facial preps. However,
it is still advised to ensure that the agents do
not enter the eyes. Warm sterile water should be
used as the rinse.

If the patient is awake during the prep, he/she
should be advised to keep eyes closed. If the
patient is under anesthesia, the eyes should be
protected by placing a small sterile plastic
adhesive drape.

Cotton balls should be placed in the ears to
prevent the prep agent from entering .
 Standard of Practice VIII
Manufacturer’s instructions should be followed for the storage and warming of
antiseptic agents.

The antiseptic agents

should always be stored in
the manufacturer’s original
container.
The manufacturer’s
instructions should be
consulted to determine the
safety of warming an
antiseptic solution.
Standard of Practice IX
The Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for the antiseptic
agents that are stored
and used in the surgery department must be readily
available and accessible to all
surgical personnel.
If unsure about the
handling, storage, use,
etc. of an agent or
chemical, surgical
personnel should
review the MSDS and
follow the instructions
 Standard of Practice X
The patient skin prep should be well documented in the patient
chart.
 Documentation should include, but not be limited to, the
following:
A. Patient education and preoperative instructions
B. Removal and handling of jewelry
C. Condition of the skin prior to the shave prep
D. Shave prep
 (1) Prep parameters

 (2) Time of prep

 (3) Method used

 (4) Name of person who performed the shave prep

E. Skin prep
 (1) Prep parameters

 (2) Time of prep

 (3) Condition of skin

 (4) Fat solvents or degreasers used

 (5) Antiseptic agent(s) used

 (6) Name(s) of person(s) performing prep

F. Condition of skin postoperatively