Common Tools and Processes

COMMON TOOLS AND
PROCESSES
SAWING
-is a process wherein a narrow slit is cut
into the workpiece by tool consisting of
a series of narrowly spaced teeth,
called saw blade. Sawing is used to
separate work parts into two or more
pieces, or to cut off an unwanted
section of a part.
SAW
-is a tool consisting of a tough blade, wire, or
chain with a hard toothed edge. It is used to
cut through material, very often wood. The cut
is made by placing the toothed edge against
the material and moving it forcefully forth and
less forcefully back continuously forward. This
force may be applied by hand or powered by
steam, water, or electricity or another power
source. An abrasive has a powered circular
blade designed to cut through metal.
TYPES OF SAW
• HAND SAW / CROSS CUT SAW
-Designed specifically for rough cutting
wood, a crosscut saw has a comparatively
thick blade, with large, beveled teeth.
Traditional 2-man crosscut saws (aka felling
saws) have a handle on each end and are
meant to be used by two people to cut
across (perpendicular) the grain of timber.
The more common 1-man crosscut saw is
great for rough cutting lumber, trimming
limbs or branches, and makes an excellent
saw for camping or at the job site.
• HACK SAW
-This type of handsaw features a fine-
toothed blade tensioned in a C-
frame. Commonly used for cutting
metals and plastics. Take special care
to clean it when cutting aluminum, as
it will often gum up on softer metals.
• HACK SAW
• POWERHACK SAW
-Are used to cut large sizes (sections) of
metals such as steel. Cutting diameters of
more than 10/15mm is very hard work
with a normal hand held hacksaw.
Therefore power hacksaws have been
developed to carry out the difficult and
time consuming work.
• POWERHACK SAW
The heavy ‘arm’ moves backwards and
forwards, cutting on the backwards
stroke. The metal to be cut is held in a machine vice which is an
integral part of the base. Turning the handle tightens or
loosens the vice. The vice is very powerful and locks the
metal in position.
When cutting is taking place, the metal and especially the

blade heats up quickly. Coolant should be fed onto the
blade, cooling it down and lubricating it as it cuts through
the metal.Without the use of coolant the blade will over
heat and break/snap. This can be dangerous as the blade
can break with powerful force, shattering.
• POWERHACK SAW
When the metal is placed and fixed in
the vice, the blade is lowered onto its Blades of power hacksaws are graded according to the
top surface. The diagram below shows material they are made from and the number of teeth per
inch. Top quality blades are manufactured from High
the ‘arm’ being lowered with the Speed Steel. although there are cheaper alternatives such
‘adjusting handle’. as carbon steel blades.In general the number of teeth per
inch (TPI) range from 14 to 24. The more teeth per inch -
the smoother the cut.
Every power hacksaw should have a foot switch /

emergency switch. This allows the operator to turn the
machine off quickly by using his/her foot to step on the
switch. The foot switch is normally positioned at the front
or side of the machine.
• POWERHACK SAW
Power hacksaws have electric motors
that power the blade through a pulley
system. Some have ratchet systems.
The pulley system shown below shows
how rotary power is transferred from
the motor and changed to reciprocating
motion, allow the blade to cut through
the material.
Most power hacksaws have two pulley

wheels. If the belt is placed on the
smaller pulley wheel the speed of cut
will be fast. Changing the belt so that it
runs round the larger pulley wheel will
reduce the speed.
• JAPANESE SAW
-A family of pull saws known for a
thinner blade with crosscut teeth
on one side and rip teeth on the
other. These saws make cutting
dense wood easy by first starting
a guide path with the crosscut
edge, then switching over to
finish the cut with the rip-teeth
edge. The Ryoba style is the most
useful type.
• COPING SAW
-Popular with artists, this simple but
useful cutting tool consists of a thin
blade tensioned in a C-shaped frame
that uses interchangeable blades for
both metal and wood. It can cut tight
radiuses but perhaps its most useful
feature is the ability to remove the
blade and thread it through a drilled
hole to cut inside profiles.
• JIG SAW
-This handheld saw has a short, fine-
toothed blade which moves up and
down at variable speeds. This is one of
the few saws which are designed
specifically for cutting curves and other
non-straight lines. Look for a jigsaw with
a long cord or even a cordless option.
• RECIPROCATING SAW
-Like the jigsaw, this saw has a blade which
moves forward and back very quickly.
Reciprocating saws are sometimes called a
Sawzall, referring to the original
manufacturer of this type of saw. They are
used for cutting tubing, wood, and plastics,
and are also used for cutting beneath walls
or wood joints because the blades can cut
nails as well as wood.
• CIRCULAR SAW
-Sometimes referred to as a buzz saw or
by the popular brand name of Skilsaw,
circular saws use a toothed blade,
typically between 7-¼ and 9 inches in
diameter. They are the most common
type of powered saw, and accept blades
that cut all types of wood, metal, plastic,
masonry, and more.
• TABLE SAW
-Ripping, crosscutting, mitering, and
beveling can all be accomplished using
the table saw. Usually not very portable,
but its versatility makes this one of the
most useful tools in a shop.
• BAND SAW
-This tall, floor-standing saw uses large
pulleys above and below the cutting table to
move a continuous band with fine teeth to
cut through most materials. Band saws are
perfect for intricate cutting of curves into
wood, as well as cutting tubes, piping, and
PVC, but are limited to a depth of only a few
inches.
• MITER SAW
-One of the few saws designed to expressly
mimic a hand saw, the miter saw is ideal for
use in trim or other jobs involving precise
measurements and angle cuts. A simple miter
saw can pivot up to 45 degrees to either side
of a straight 90 degree cut, and can be used
in conjunction with tables for cutting long
mitered ends.
• OCSILATING SAW
-Its vibrating blade is useful for precise cuts
within limited space.
• CHAIN SAW
-As the name implies, a chainsaw
uses a linked chain with numerous
specially designed ripping teeth.
While chainsaws are uniquely
designed, they fall into the category
of band saws. Chainsaws are more
commonly used in tree work than
any other field, and may be essential
to homeowners depending on your
region.
SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
• Wear your safety goggles or glasses at all times.
• Keep hands away from the saw blade of the hacksawing machine
or band sawing machine when in operation.
• Ensure the power supply is disconnected prior to removal or
installation of saw blades.
• Use a miter guide attachment, work-holding jaw device, or a
wooden block for pushing metal workpieces into the blade of the
bandsaw wherever possible. Keep fingers well clear of the blade
at all times.
• When removing and installing band saw blades, handle the
blades carefully. A large springy blade can be dangerous if the
operator does not exercise caution.

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COMMON TOOLS AND

When cutting is taking place, the metal and especially the

Every power hacksaw should have a foot switch /

Most power hacksaws have two pulley

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