HSD Bio Diesel and Soap

HSD Bio diesel and soap
Introduction
• Any source of heat energy is called as fuel. The term fuel may be
defined as:
‘Any fissionable chemical materials or any reactant which gives
energy in the form of heat that can be used for producing power’
In other words:
‘Fuel is a combustible substance containing carbon as main
constituent, which is capable of releasing large amount of heat’
Fuel + O2 → Products + Heat
(more heat energy) (lesser heat energy
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FUEL
• High calorific value (10000 Kcal/kg)
• High heat content
• Low moisture content
• Moisture content reduces the heating value
• Moderate ignition temp
• It burns smoothly at moderate ignition temp
• Moderate speed of combustion
• If the rate of combustion is low, high temp may be
impossible because a part of heat liberated may get
radiated in lieu of raising the temp
• High combustion rate is not required
• Low % age of non- combustible matters (ash or
clinkers)
• It reduces the heating value
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FUEL
• Combustion products not be harmful
• The products obtained during combustion should be
harmless & non-pollutant
• CO, SO2,PH3, H2S, PbBr2, etc are very poisonous pollutants
of the atmosphere
• Combustion easily controllable
• Combustion should be easy to start & easy to start when
required
• Efficient burning
• A good fuel should burn efficiently without smoke (only
high C or aromatic fuels produce smoke)
HSD OIL
• Fuel oil is rich in sludge-forming unsaturates and S,
ash & moisture
• The presence of paraffinic & ashphaltic particles in
fuel causes:
• Improper atomisation & prevents efficient burning
• Incomplete combustion results in excessive formation of
soot & smoke
*The IS governing the properties of diesel fuel is IS:1460
/2005 Vth revision.
**Diesel fuel often contains higher quantity of S.
HSD Oils
• Distillation
• Properties of diesel fuel IS:1460
• 1)Cetane No:
• % of cetane in volume called as cetane no
• Cetane+Alpha methyl naphthalene
• :higer cetane no gives less noise ,less smoke,less ignition delay
• HSD contain cetane no:45-50.
DIESEL INDEX
• Determination of the C.No.is tedious & requires
expensive equipment.
• To co-relate fuel quality by simple lab test , the Diesel
index is used as an indication of the ignition quality of
the fuel.
D.I = A X API gravitry/100
where A- Aniline pt. in Fahrenheit
API-Gravity scale
API = 141.5/sp gr. at 60º F – 131.5
(Aniline point of an oil is the min temp at which the
oil is completely miscible with an equal volume of
aniline)
proprties
• 2.Diesel Index:
• Diesel Index is the same as the Cetane Number that calculates
multiplying the API gravity by the aniline point of a Diesel fuel, divided
by 100
• 3. Distilation recovery(volatility).
• Ability of oil to vapourise
• High volatile means low fuel consumption,less smoke
• HS engine requires low volatile to avoid vapour lock
Low volatile creates ignition delay
• 4.Viscosity
• Resistance to flow
• Low viscosity –finely divided and short sprays
• High viscosity-coarse divided and long sprays
• Test method-KV
• 5)water content and sedimentation
• Combustion problems
• Choke or clog injectors
• Test method:
• 1)Centriguge 2)Dean and stark (exact amount of water)
• 6)ash content(sand and rust)
• Significance:Abrasive ,wear the injector
• 7)Carbon residue
• Incomplete combustion
• Test method:Rams bottom carbon residue
• Significance:Improper combustion
• 8)Sulphur Content:
• Depends on crude source present as S,H2S
• Form SO2,SO3 and form H2SO4 –Corrosive nature
• Test method:Bomb calorimeter
• 9)flash point:
• Min temp vapours catch fire
• Test method :pensky marten
• Clevelen open cup method(not suitable for fuel/oils)
• Ables close cup method(suitable for FP below 70C)
• Significance:safety aspect
• 10)fire point:
• Min temp fuel oil catches fire
• 11)cloud point: temp below wax form cloudy appearance
• Significance:clogs fuel injectors
• Mainly significance at low temp
• Test method: flat bottom tube-ice cacl2-temp lowers-cloud formation
• Pour point below 3C the temp at which it can flow.
• 12)density:
• Mass liquid/unit volume
• By hydro meter
• Most significant property:decides calorific value.
Bio diesel
Bio diesel in IR
• IR invites jatropha plantation
• Upto max 30% blend ratio we can proceed B5 B15 B20
• Good lubricant
• Environment emission point of view
• employment
• 1) conditioning of oils:
• To remove water-heat
• 2)oil temperature:
• At temp 65-70C the recovery of bio diesel is more.
• High temp loss of methol
• 3)RxN temperature:
• Sufficient temp and time required to get esters.so optimium temp is
required.
• 4)Ratio of alcohol to oil:
• Low molar ratio decrease of recovery of bio diesel
• Higher ration leeds to separation of glycerin.
• So optimium ratio required it depends on quality of oil.
• 5)catalyst and concentration:
Most suitable trans estification catalyst KOH
Around 3.5 Lit oil need around 38-42 gms KOH
After increasing the amount of catalyst it wil not effect
• 6) mixing intensity:
• Effective tool after adding methol solution
• Min 15 to 30 min is required for recovery around 90%
• 7) purity of reactant
• High wax contain oils reduce production rate
• For long time storage impuirites wil settle down
• This can be overcome by high temp and pressure
• 8)Glycerine neturalization
• By product, contains soap and unused catalyst
• Salt formation takes place.
• Remove the glycerine time to time to avoid scale
• 9) methyl ester wash:
• Washed by distilled water
• To remove unreacted oil,soap,catalyst.
• 10)removal of water
• Just by heating upto 100C0
Testing of Soap
• Laundry soap:IS.285
• Sampling and testing:IS.286
• Categoriesed based on TFM
parameters
• Total fatty matter
• Rosin Acids
• unSaponified fatty matter
• Free alakali
Total fatty matter
• Weigh 5-10g of soap

• Dissolves in hot water
• Add dilute sulphuric acid
• Add 50ml sodium chloride solution and cool
• Transfer it to separating funnel
• Add 100ml ether and dis.solve fatty acids in ether
• And separate the fatty acids and kept it in oven
• Ether will evaporate
• Calculations-
• Total fatty matter= 100 M1/M2
• M1= fatty matter weigh after taken from oven
• M2= weight of sample taken.
• Free alkali as KOH
• Take 10g sample
• Add ethyl alcohol and connect to cork tube act as a reflux tube to boiling water
• Add phenpthaline indicator Titrate against std sulphuric acid
• Calculations
• Free alkali as (KOH)= 5.61VN/M
Rosin Acid
• Dissolve 40 ± 0.1 g of the sample in 100 ml of methanol . Swirl the flask to
dissolve Add slowly 5 ml of sulphuric acid . Connect the flask to the
condenser, apply heat, and reflux the contents for 10 minutes. Cool the
flask to room temperature with cold water. Add 250 ml of sodium sulphate
solution to a 500 ml separatory funnel. Pour the contents of the flask into
the funnel and complete quantitative transfer of the contents of the flask
with 100 ml of ether. Thoroughly shake the mixture in the funnel. Allow to
settle, draw off the salt layer and discard. Wash contents of the funnel twice
again with 250 ml portions of sodium sulphate solution. The last washing
should not react pink to methyl orange indicator. After removing the last
wash, drain the contents of the separatory funnel into a 500-ml conical flask.
Rinse the funnel with 20 ml of ether and add the rinsings to the flask.
• Add 20 ml of ethyl alcohol and 1 ml of phenolphthalein indicator.
Titrate to the appearance of a pink-red colour using 0.2 N alcoholic
potassium hydroxide solution if the rosin acid content is less than 5
percent and 0.5 N if more than 5 percent.
• Calculation — percentage of rosin acids as follows:
• Rosin acids, percent by mass = (1.0131xVxNx30.2/M)— 0.74
• Thank you

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HSD Bio diesel and soap

• Weigh 5-10g of soap

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