Teknologi Minyak Nabati

Prof. Dr. Ir. Renita Manurung, M.T.

Deodorization
 PURPOSE OF DEODORIZATION
1. Reduces free fatty acid (FFA) to <0.05%, preferably <0.03%.

2. Reduces the red and yellow color in the refined and bleached (RB)
oil and makes it lighter by heat bleaching in the deodorization
process which decolorizes the carotenoids at high temperature under
vacuum.

3. Removes the odoriferous compounds, such as aldehydes, ketones,

hydrocarbons, lactones, alcohol, etc. produced from decomposition
of the oils.

4. Reduces peroxide value (PV) to zero. At the same time, the

anisidine value (pAV) increases.
5. The oil loses a significant portion of the natural antioxidants (mostly

tocopherols and some sterols).

6. Any residual trace metals, picked up by the oil after bleaching, are

reduced

via citric acid treatment (chelation or scavenging process). This is an

essential step and is not a substitute for the bleaching step.

7. There is some increase in the amount of polymers, conjugated dienes, or

other oil decomposition products.

8. There can be a very small but detectable increase in the trans fatty acid

con-
The various steps involved in the deodorization process

• The refined, bleached (RB), and possibly

hydrogenated (RBH) oil, meeting all oil quality
standards as discussed in Chapter 6 on bleaching
and Chapter 7 on hydrogenation, is deaerated at a
temperature of 185–195°F (85–90°C) under the same
vacuum as the deodorizer.

• The oil is then heated to a temperature of 480–490°F

(249–254°C), under the same vacuum as the
deodorizer for heat bleaching, which reduces the
red and the yellow color from the carotenes in the
oil.

For palm oil deodorization (not red palm) the

temperature can be higher, such as:
• Heat bleaching 446–509°F (230–265°C).
• Deodorizing at a temperature as high as 518°F
(270°C).
• The oil is then steam distilled under very low pressure using
dry saturated sanitary stripping steam injected at the bottom
of the oil bed in the deodorizer. The temperature is normally
maintained below 500°F (260°C). At tempera- tures above
this, oils like soybean, sunflower, cottonseed, corn oil, and
low linolenic soybean oil polymerize. The oil also exhibits
higher levels of trans fatty acids after deodorization.
However, the higher temperature is needed to deodorize
physically refined oils because of the higher FFA content.

• The combined effect of the low vacuum and the stripping

steam produces the bland-tasting light-colored oil, which
meets consumer acceptance.

• The deodorized oil is cooled to less than 290°F (143°C). Fifty

percent citric acid solution is added under vacuum before
the oil is pumped through an external cooler. Citric acid
decomposes at temperature higher than 290°F (143°C)
producing a number of compounds that are not effective
metal chelators like citric acid. Therefore, addition of citric
acid at higher temperatures is not recommended.
• The oil is cooled down to about 260°F (127°C) inside
the deodorizer under vacuum before it is pumped
through an external cooler. Below 250°F (121°C),
there is some condensation of the steam into the oil.
Therefore, the oil temperature is maintained slightly
higher 260°F (127°C) as mentioned earlier.

• The temperature of the oil after the final cooler

depends on the type of oil. For example:
– Liquid soybean, liquid cottonseed, sunflower,
safflower, corn, and palm olein oil must be cooled
down to <100°F (38°C) and not exceeding 110°F
(43°C).
– Palm oil and palm stearine must be cooled down
to <120°F (49°C).
– Hydrogenated products must be cooled down to a
temperature not exceeding 10°F (5°C) above the
complete melt point.

• The cooled oil is stored under nitrogen protection.

OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF DEODORIZATION

• Operating principles for deodorization are complex but

can be expressed in a simple equation as shown below:

Ln (XF/X0) = (P x L)/(P0 x g)

X0 = initial mole fraction of the component that needs to be removed, such

as FFA, aldehydes, ketones, etc.;
XF = target mole fraction of the same component in the deodorized oil;
P0 = vapor pressure of the pure component to be removed (FFA,
aldehydes, ketones, etc.);
g = moles of stripping steam;
P = operating pressure in the deodorizer (mm of mercury);
L = moles of oil being deodorized.
Interpretation of the Equation Formula
• The object of deodorization is to maximize the removal of
the undesirable component. Therefore, the value of XF
must be as low as possible.
– minimize the ratio, XF /X0
– the value of the ratio P X must be at its minimum.

• This can occur only when:

– The operating pressure, P, is low in the
deodorizer (Conversely, the vacuum in the
deodorizer is high).
– The amount of oil, L, is at its minimum.
– The vapor pressure of the pure component PO is
high (high volatility).
– Moles of stripping steam, g, is at its maximum
without affecting the value of P (operating
pressure).
CRITICAL CONTROL POINTS
FOR THE DEODORIZING PROCESS

1. incoming oil quality,

2. deaeration,
3. heating the oil for deodorization,
4. operating pressure (vacuum),
5. operating temperature,
6. amount of stripping steam,
7. batch size or oil flow rate,
8. citric acid addition, and
9. cooling the deodorized oil before storage.
DEODORIZED OIL QUALITY

1. Physical Attributes
l odorless,
l have a clean taste with no unpleasant aftertaste,
l must be light in color, and
l Lovibond color must meet the company standards.

2. Chemical Attributes
The deodorized oil must meet the chemical standards

3. Organoleptic Attribute—AOCS Method Cg-2-83 (09)

4. Significance of the Deodorized Oil Quality Standards

TABLE Significance of the Deodorized Oil Quality Standards
TYPES OF DEODORIZERS
• Batch Deodorizers
Typical Operating Steps in a Batch Deodorizer

• The vacuum is turned on.

• A batch of oil is charged into the deodorizer
through a distributor ring with nozzles.
• The oil is heated by using either steam or thermal
fluid.
• The steam is at a pressure of 450 psi (32.7 kg/cm2).
• The deodorizer oil temperature should be set at
250°F (121.1°C) for deaeration.
• The deaeration step can take 30 min or a little
longer.
• A small amount of stripping steam is injected to
agitate the oil for deaeration.
• The volume of the stripping steam is increased
after deaeration and as the oil temperature rises.
The amount of stripping steam at this time is
gener- ally 3% (2%–4% in the older designs and
<2% in the newer designs).
• Deodorizer temperature is maintained at 460–480°F
(238–249°C).
• The oil is deodorized for a predetermined amount
of time, which is established from prior experience.
The end point is established from the satisfactory
quality of the deodorized oil.
• The oil is cooled down to<290°F(143°C) and 50ppm
of citric acid is added into the oil to chelate
(scavenge) trace metals, such as iron, copper, etc.
• A deodorizer sample is collected by using a
specially designed sampler
• Stripping steam is shut off when the oil
temperature reaches 250°F (121.1°C) otherwise
there will be condensation of steam in the
deodorized oil if the stripping steam is left on while
the oil temperature drops below 250°F (121.1°C).
• The oil is cooled down in an external cooler and
handled
• Antioxidant is added, sometimes before the oil is
discharged from the deodorizer.
• Alternatively the antioxidant can be added as the
oil is transferred to storage. An inline mixer, such
as a static mixer can be used. However, a high
shear mixer is recommended.
 Semicontinuous Deodorizer
Original deodorizer

A. E. Bailey

Five trays
Semicontinuous deodorizer

Desmet Ballestra

Six trays
that are vertically stacked

These trays perform several functions:

 deaeration
 Heating
 deodorizing
 cooling

Schematic diagram for semicontinuous deodorizer.

The typical heating coils used in a semicontinuous deodorizer

Internal coils for heating and cooling in trays

Advantages of Semicontinuous
Deodorizers
• Higher productivity than the batch deodorizers.
• The stock changes do not pose any serious threats
of cross-contamination of the products, unless
there is a breakdown of the control system or there
is a human error.
• Uses much less energy than the batch deodorizer.
• Deodorized oil quality is good.
• Offers good opportunity for energy recovery. Can
recover 40%–65% of the total energy.
 Continuous Deodorizers
short path distillation by Alfa Laval

packed column deodorizers made by several manufacturers

Schematic diagram for continuous deodorizer

Advantages of Continuous Deodorizers

1. The production rate is the highest among all three

types.

2. Heat recovery is very high through the use of external

heat economizers.
Over 80% of the total heat in the oil can be recovered.

3. The unit cost of production is lowest among all three

types of deodorizers.
Disadvantages of Continuous
Deodorizers

• Less flexible for stock change.

• High level of cross-contamination at

stock changeover.

• Potential for high oil loss during

sanitation.
Cross blending during product changeover in continuous deodorizer
Residence Time Distribution in a Continuous
Deodorizer
A simple procedure for determining the residence time
distribution is outlined as follows:

• A stable oil soluble tracer is injected into the oil stream

at the deodorizer feed.

• A sample collected at the regular sample port is and

analyzed for the tracer.

• The tracer will not appear in the sample initially, but then
it will appear.

• The concentration of the tracer will go through a peak

and then eventually it will reach zero.

• Using the flow rate through the deodorizer, one can

calculate the amount of the intermixed product.
Residence time distribution.
a plot developed by using chlorophyll as a tracer

In this case, the amount of the intermixed product was:

a. The rate of deodorizer flow in pounds per minute × (80 − 17).

b. At 45,000 lb/h = (45,000/60) × 63 = 47,250 lb.

c. Atleastthismuchintermixedproductwillbegeneratedinthisparticular

deodorizer at every product changeover.

VACUUM SYSTEM FOR DEODORIZER