Question and Issues in History

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Questions and Issues in History
GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

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History is the study of the past, the events

that happened in the past, the causes of
such events and the history itself, which
leads history as a discipline, a complex and
dynamic inquiry that produced various
perspectives regarding different questions
like:

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What is history? Why study

history? and History for whom?
Historiography is the history of history.

Historiography not just let you learn facts
but also provide better understanding of
the historian contexts.

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Positivism
In the eighteenth and nineteenth century,

any history entails written documents to
claim that a particular knowledge is true.
The ilustrados like Jose Rizal, Isabelo de

los Reyes, and Padre Paterno wrote
history, intended for the Spaniards for
them to realize that Filipinos are people of
their own intellect and culture.
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However, American historians find it

uncivilized in their publications. And so,
Americans intended to justify their
colonization of the islands not just by
means of undermining the Philippines’
sovereignty, but as a civilizing mission to
fulfil what they called “white man’s
burden.”

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Post Colonialism
Emerged in the twentieth century when
colonized nations grappled with the idea of
creating their identities and understanding
their societies against the shadows of their
colonial past. Also, criticizes the methods,
effects, and idea of colonialism which the
colonial powers created and taught to their
subjects.

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With that, history was confronted by

problems. One of which is the accusation
that the history is always written by
powerful colonial victors and the more
dominant player. For instance, the history
of the Second World War in the Philippines
always depicts the United States as the
hero and the Imperial Japanese army as
the oppressors.

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Filipinos who collaborated with the

Japanese were called as traitors or
collaborators. However, a more thorough
historical investigation will reveal a more
nuanced account of the history than a
simplified narrative story of a hero versus a
villain.

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History and the Historian
History is written with agenda or is

heavily influenced by the historian whom
has the only access representation of the
past through historical sources and
evidences.

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Therefore, it is a historian’s job not just to

seek historical evidences and facts
but also to interpret these facts by giving
meaning to these facts, and organize them
into a timeline, establish causes, and write
history.

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A historian is influenced by his own

context, environment, ideology,
education and influences among
others. This entails the methodologies
he will use, the relevance of the facts
and as well as the form of his writings.

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Moreover, history is always subjective and

thus requires a rigor of research and
historical methodology which comprises
certain techniques and rules in order to
properly utilize sources and historical
evidences in writing history like the rules
applied in cases of conflicting accounts in
different sources.

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In that sense, historical claims and

arguments in their historical writings
influenced by the historian’s
inclinations were still valid because it
used reliable evidences and employed
correct and meticulous historical
methodology.

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Aside from that, when it uses an oral

account as data, then it needs to validate
the claims by comparing and corroborating
it with written sources to back up his claim
so that the historian will not be biased to
his Judgement.

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At some point, history became

inclusive and started collaborating
with other disciplines like geography,
anthropology, archaeology, and
linguistics.

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Annales School
This school did away with the common

historical subjects that were almost always
related to the conduct of states and
monarchs. And had been advocated the
people and classes that were not reflected
in the history of the society provided with
space in the records of mankind.

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Historical Sources
Historian’s most important research tools
are historical sources. Historical sources
can be classified into primary and
secondary sources. The classification of
sources depends on the historical subject
being studied, and not on the period when
the source was produced or the type of the
source.

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Primary sources are sources produced at

the same time as the event, period,or
subject being studied. Most common
examples are archival documents,
artefact, memorabilia, letters, census,
and government records. Furthermore,
to study the Commonwealth Constitution
Convention of 1935, as an example,

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Primary sources can include the minutes

of the convention, newspaper clippings,
Philippine Commission reports of the U.S.
Commissioners, records of the convention,
the draft of the constitution, and
even photographs of the event.

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Secondary sources are sources produced

by an author who used primary sources to
produce the material. These arenhistorical
sources which studied a certain historical
subject. To concretize it further, on the
subject of the Philippine Revolution of
1896,

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students can read Teodoro Agoncillo’s

Revolt of the masses: The Story of Bonifacio
and the Katipunan published originally in
1956. The Philippine Revolution happened
in the last years of the nineteenth century
while Agoncillo published his work in 1956,

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which makes the Revolt of the Masses a

secondary source. Aside from that, a
textbook is also classified as a secondary
source, a tertiary source even.

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Moreover, both primary and secondary

sources are useful in writing and learning
history. And so, to avoid deception and to
come up with the historical truth,
historians and as well as the students of
history need to thoroughly scrutinize these
historical sources by conducting an
external and internal criticism of the
source such as external criticism and
internal criticism.

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External criticism
Is the practice of verifying the authenticity of

evidence by examining its physical characteristics;
consistency with the historical characteristic of the time
when it was produced; and the materials
used for the evidence. The quality of the paper, the type
of the ink, and the language and words used in the
material are examples of the thing that will
be examined when conducting external criticism.

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Internal Criticism
On the other hand, is the examination of

the truthfulness and factuality of the
evidence by looking at the author of the
source, its context, the agenda behind its
creation, the knowledge which informed it,
and its intended purpose.

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Internal criticism entails such reports

to be manipulated and analysed for war
propaganda. Validating historical
sources is important because the use of
unverified, falsified, and untruthful
historical sources can lead to equally false
conclusions.

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The task of the historian is to look at the

available historical sources and select the
most relevant and meaningful for history
and for the subject matter. Also, historian
organizes the past that is being created so
that it can offer lessons for nations,
societies, and civilization.

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Furthermore, historian seeks for the

meaning of recovering the past to let the
people see the continuing relevance of
provenance, memory, remembering, and
historical understanding for both the
present and the future.

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Philippine historiography underwent

several changes since pre-colonial period
until the present and is through communal
songs and epics that they passed orally.
The pre-colonial society was a luminous

age that ended with darkness when the
colonizers captured their freedom.

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A pantayong pananaw (for us-from us

perspective), a new guiding philosophy
for writing and teaching history introduced
by a Filipino historian Zeus Salazar gives
importance in facilitating an internal
conversation and discourse among Filipinos
about our own history, using the language
that is understood by everyone.

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Questions and Issues in History

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

History is the study of the past, the events

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

What is history? Why study

Historiography is the history of history.

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

In the eighteenth and nineteenth century,

The ilustrados like Jose Rizal, Isabelo de

However, American historians find it

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

With that, history was confronted by

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Filipinos who collaborated with the

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

History and the Historian

History is written with agenda or is

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Therefore, it is a historian’s job not just to

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

A historian is influenced by his own

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Moreover, history is always subjective and

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

In that sense, historical claims and

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Aside from that, when it uses an oral

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

At some point, history became

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

This school did away with the common

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Primary sources are sources produced at

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Primary sources can include the minutes

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Secondary sources are sources produced

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

students can read Teodoro Agoncillo’s

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

which makes the Revolt of the Masses a

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Moreover, both primary and secondary

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Is the practice of verifying the authenticity of

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

On the other hand, is the examination of

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Internal criticism entails such reports

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

The task of the historian is to look at the

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Furthermore, historian seeks for the

GE HIST 1 EDUARDO L. JOSON MEMORIAL COLLEGE

Philippine historiography underwent