Mumbai

Monorail system
 MUMBAI MONORAIL
City Characteristics Growth pattern & economic centres
Development and Planning Context

Growth Pattern Economic Base

Population (2022): 2,65,20,000
Area covered (2022): 6328 sq.km.
Density: 3,713 persons per sq.km.

Population in Millions
25
20
15
10
5
0
1991 1995 2001 2005 2010 2015 2020 2021
Population in Millions
Sources: World Population Review
• The population of Greater Mumbai has grown from
~12 million to ~22 million in last 30 years,
which is an increase approximately 2 times.
• Greater Mumbai is most populous city in India
(world’s 5th largest city) and its share in Most of the jobs are located in Greater Mumbai,
Maharashtra state’s population is about 11.1% or hence people need to cover longer distances to
about 1% of India's population. commute to work on daily basis. These nearby
areas act as economic base for the region.
Sources: Urban Age

The almost saturated city invites people from neighboring areas to daily commute for work. Therefore a robust public transport
in and around the city a must.
 MUMBAI MONORAIL
Road Network, Vehicle growth and Modal share
Development and Planning Context

Road Network Vehicle Growth Mode share

60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Metro and Train Bus Rickshaw Taxi Two Car
Mono wheeler

2005 2014

• Public transport share has been decreased from 78.1%

• Motor vehicle statistics on road for the to 69.9% which is alarming.
period 2001 to 2015 indicates that, the • The major reasons for fall in public transport share:
total no. of vehicles have increased 1. Due to slow capacity enhancements to suburban rail
from 1.03 millions to 2.55 million system,
which is about 2.47 times. 2. Delays in metro implementation,
3. High private vehicle growth,
4. Increasing travel time of road based public transport
system, etc.
• The average distance travelled by each mode varies;
from 12 km by cars, 6 km by two wheelers, 8.9 km
The road network of the city is linear and the by buses and 23.8 km by Suburban rail.
area under roads is 12.8%.

With no place to expand, Mumbai cannot afford to have increase in Private Vehicles. Hence a strong and efficient public transport is a must.
 MUMBAI MONORAIL
Physical and Technical Characteristics
Sr. No. Parameters Description
1. Type of monorail Straddle
SUTRA, designed by Malaysian rail company
Design Context

2. Manufacturer
Scomi Rail.
System uses double-flanged steel wheels to run
3. Technology used
on a single elevated rail
4. Fuel/Energy Electric

5. Traction system 750 V DC, Third rail

6. Axle load 11 tons

7. Gradient 5%

8. Max curve radius 50 m

9. ROW needed 4m

Monorails are suitable for congested areas having sharp turns as it requires less space on road. Also, they are powered by electric motors which keeps the
environment clean.
 MUMBAI MONORAIL

Land Use Map

Planning of Monorail Transit Network Map
Development and Planning Context

Monorail Parameters Description

Year of implementation 2014
Route name Chembur to Jacob circle
Route length 20.1
No of stations 17
Distance between 2 stations 1000-1100 m
Coverage 21%
Chembur
Project cost Rs. 3000 Cr.
Operator MMRDA
Chembur
Contractor L & T, Scomi Engineering

Jacob
Drawbacks of the route:
Circle Jacob
• Fails to cover hotspots:
• The route does not go through the core residential area, Circle
in fact covers outer region with marshy lands.
• Lack of integration:
• Even tough the route coincides with other Rapid transit
modes, the station are not well integrated. Monorail
Monorail was planned to connect existing Suburban and Metro routes and make it act as a feeder system but it failed to integrate. Also, it was planned in
some of the most vacant areas of Mumbai on the eastern side which can have an impact on ridership.
 MUMBAI MONORAIL

Construction Cost and Rolling stock details

Construction cost

• After the completion of the project, the cost of construction got doubled (i.e. Rs. 190 crore per km) from the estimated cost.
I m p l e m e n t a ti o n C o n t e x t

• The MMRDA selected Larsen & Toubro and Scomi Engineering (LTSE) to carry out the project.
• The contractor failed to obtain government-issued land at the time of construction, which forced design modifications because of unforeseeable
events.

Rolling stock details

Parameters Description
Fleet size 7

Rolling stock configuration 4 coaches

Passenger capacity/ car 142

• A single car can accommodate 142 passengers (sitting and standing), hence a train
can carry 568 passengers as there are 4 coaches each train. While articulated and
double-decker buses can accommodate 90 to 110 passengers each. Therefore, it is
possible to run these buses with shorter headway rather than a monorail.

Due to the extremely low fleet size, a headway of 18mins was achieved, which could not give Mumbai monorail a good kickstart.
 MUMBAI MONORAIL
Operational characteristics
O p e r a ti o n a l a n d M a i n t e n a n c e C o n t e x t

Multi Modal Integration: Operational characteristics

This monorail was planned to
integrate the existing suburban Parameters Description
and metro routes and to act as a
feeder system between them.
PHPDT 7,500
Monorail is Western Railway
Lower parel Suburban Station Passengers/day 1,75,000

Central Railway
Top speed  80 kmph
Currey Road Station
Wadala-kasarwadavli metro line
Mankurd-Dahisar metro Operational speed  31 kmph
Inter State bus Terminal

There are local buses operating Average Headway  20-30 mins

in the area in addition to Metro
and Suburban trains. Fare (one direction) Rs. 5-20

The operation and maintenance cost of Mumbai monorail is

Rs. 5 Crore per year per km.

Write your inference in one line.

 MUMBAI MONORAIL
Phase wise Implementation
Phase 1 (Chembur to Jacob Circle) Upcoming

• Line 1 & Line Extension

I m p l e m e n t a ti o n C o n t e x t

2
Route length- 11.2 km
• Route length- Expected Ridership – 3,00,000 per day
20.1km No of trains – 10 rakes (to be procured by 2024)
Headway- 5 mins
• Current Cost: 590 Cr.
Ridership-
1,75,000 per Also, Extension of existing route by 500m to connect to Mahalaxmi
day Metro station

• No of trains –
7 rakes

• Headway- 20-
30 mins

• Cost- 3000
Cr.

Would the 590cr investment help?

 MUMBAI MONORAIL

Affordability of Public Transport

O p e r a ti o n a l a n d M a i n t e n a n c e C o n t e x t

Parameters Description Expenditure on travel of public transport

1400 120%

Expenditure on travel of public transport

Per person average trip length 12.6 kms (According to CMP 1200 100%
report, 2016) 1000
80%

No. of Households
800
60%
Per person trips per day 3 trips ( assuming 2 work trips and 600
1 other trip) 40%
400

20%
Fare per km Rs. 5 200

0 0%
5000 5000- 10000- 15000- 20000- 30000- 40000- 60000-
10000 15000 20000 30000 40000 60000 100000
Total trips per person per Household Income
month (considering 26 78 trips
working days per month) No. of Households % of Expenditure on public transport

• For households with a household income up to Rs. 40,000, public

Cost of travel on public transportation in Mumbai is not affordable because it consumes more
transport per person per Rs. 4,914 than 10% to 11% of their income.
month • However, it is affordable for those having household income more than
Rs. 40,000.

Write your inference in one line.

 MUMBAI MONORAIL

Km covered by different modes Per km cost of different public transport in

300 Mumbai
E x i s ti n g S c e n a r i o

300
250
250
200
200
150
150

100 100

50 50

0 0
Monorail Metro Metrolight Monorail Metro Metrolight

Mode Share of Monorail (in Mumbai) stands at 1.60% whereas metro is 7.9%
https://themetrorailguy.com/thane-metrolite-information-route-map-fares-tenders-updates/

If we compare the 3 rail based systems in Mumbai, Metro is the least expensive when per km construction cost is
considered over monorail and Metro light.
 TOKYO MONORAIL

● Tokyo Monorail was constructed at

the time of Olympics and so most of
the visitors travelled through this as
it connected International Airport
to the centre of tokyo.

● Also it is well connected to all the

major tourist spots in the city
I n t r o d u c ti o n

Parameters Description
Headway 3 mins

Passengers/day 4 lakhs
Railways, metros
Integration to local buses.

Operational speed  49 kmph

Fleet size 21

Max. capacity 612

Monorail in Tokyo covers the most busiest lines, making it the most successful monorail in terms of ridership.
 TOKYO MONORAIL
City Characteristics Growth pattern & economic centres
Development and Planning Context

Growth Pattern & Economic Base

Population (2022): 1,39,20,000
• Yokohama Metropolitan area has a
Area covered (2022): 2194 sq.km.
highly diversified manufacturing
Density: 6,373 persons per sq.km.
base.
Population in Millions • Known for its heavy industries
130 such a s metals, chemicals,
128 machinery, transportation
126 equipment and oil refinery.
124
122 • Yokohama Metropolitan area
120
1991 1995 2001 2005 2010 2015 2020 2021 comprises of 3 major cities:
Sources: World Bank Yokohama, Kawasaki and Chiba.
Population in Millions
All of these heavily industrialized
• The population of Tokyo has grown from hence forming the economic base
~123 million to ~125 million in last 30 for Tokyo.
years, which is down from 128 million in
2010. Unlike Mumbai, Tokyo’s population Yokohama Metropolitan
has decreased in recent years. Area
• The mode share of public transport is 47% (Greater Tokyo)
and private vehicles is 12%. Sources: Urban Age

The city showcases compact urban fabric with no

space for expansion.
With a highly compact .
 TOKYO MONORAIL
Design Context

Write your inference in one line.

 TOKYO MONORAIL
Implementation of the project
Phase 1 (Haneda Airport to Hamamatsucho) Upcoming

• Route length- 17.8 km • The project will be extended till Tokyo Station , called
I m p l e m e n t a ti o n C o n t e x t

Shinkansen terminal, which is 3.7 kilometres away and is expected

• Current Ridership- 3,11,000 per day to be completed by 2027.
• The project cost will be ¥109.5-billion (EUR 800 mln).
• No of trains – 21 Practical use of Monorail systems

• Headway- 3 mins

• Cost- 85 million dollars per km

Source: https://www.tokyo-monorail.co.jp/sp/english/routemap/ Source: http://www.nihon-monorail.or.jp/assets/pdf/2019english.pdf

The only monorail with a headway of three minutes connecting the international airport to numerous urban centres and tourist spots is the Tokyo Monorail. As a
result, it was able to generate about 3.1 lakhs each day.
 TOKYO MONORAIL

Construction Cost and Rolling stock details

Construction cost

•
I m p l e m e n t a ti o n C o n t e x t

The construction cost of Tokyo Monorail was $85 million per km in the year 1964.
• The monorail is operated by the Tokyo Monorail Co., Ltd., which is jointly owned by JR East, the system's rolling stock supplier Hitachi, and ANA
Holdings, Inc. (the holding company of All Nippon Airways).
Source: https://www.monorails.org/tMspages/HowMuch.html

Rolling stock details

Parameters Description
Fleet size 21
Rolling stock configuration 6 coaches
Passenger capacity/ car 102

• Former rolling stock once used on Tokyo Monorail include the 100/200/300/350
series (from 1964 until 1978), 500 series (from 1969 until 1991), 600 series (from
1977 until 1997), and 700/800 series (from 1982 until 1998).
• As of 2020, the Tokyo Monorail operates three train types: 1000 series, 2000
series, and most recently, 10000 series.
https://www.hitachi.com/rev/pdf/2014/r2014_10_104.pdf

The Tokyo Monorail was built in under a year. Therefore, they encountered no problems related to the expense of its construction. The fleet size of the
monorail is high with 6 cars per train helps in catering more riders.
 TOKYO MONORAIL
Operational characteristics
O p e r a ti o n a l a n d M a i n t e n a n c e C o n t e x t

Multi Modal Integration:

Hamamatsucho station
• This station is regarded as one of the main stations since it
quickly connects numerous significant stations via the
monorail, subway, and rail.

• It connects to Haneda Airport which is considered to be

world’s busiest airport via monorail
• One can access to most part of Tokyo, such as Shinjuku,
Ikebukuro, Shibuya, Tokyo, Ueno, Akihabara and
Source: https://www.tokyo-monorail.co.jp/english/guidance/hamamatucho/index.html Shinagawa through this station.
Multi-modal connectivity from railways, metros to local buses. from Hamamatuscho terminal which is one of the stations of Tokyo monorail.
 TOKYO MONORAIL
Operational characteristics
O p e r a ti o n a l a n d M a i n t e n a n c e C o n t e x t

Operational characteristics
• The Shōwajima Center
Parameters Description located next to
Shōwajima Station, is the
operations and
PHPDT 10,512 maintenance center of the
Tokyo Monorail. 
• The maintenance of the
Passengers/day 3,11,000 monorail's rails, rolling
stock, etc. is done every
four years.
Top speed  80 kmph
Source: https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Tokyo%20Monorail%20Co%20Ltd.pdf

Operational speed  49 kmph

Characteristics of Tokyo Monorail:
Average Headway  3 mins
• High frequency and Less headway (3 mins)
• High ridership: (Around 3.1 lakhs passengers per day )
• As it connects Haneda airport and nearby urban centers and tourists
Fare  200-500 yen attraction spots.
• Multi-modal connectivity from railways, metros to local buses.

It is considered to be the world's most commercially successful monorail system due to its high frequency, minimal headway, and high ridership due to its
connections to the international airport and the majority of tourist attractions. The link is multimodal as well.