RELATIVE CLAUSES : Mệnh đề quan hệ

- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng cá
đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE,
trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.

I. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)

1. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.

Ex1: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
 I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.

Ex2: - The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.

The woman is standing over there who is my sister
The woman who is my sister is standing over there .
The woman who is standing over there is my sister.
 Exercise :  Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun. ( who)

1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday.

 The girl who chatted with you yesterday is my cousin.
2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen
The man who spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen is very kind
3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City.
The architect who has moved to HCM City designed these flats
4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike.
The young boy who rides an expensive motorbike is naughty.

……..WHO + V…….
2. WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm tân từ trong MĐQH.
Ex1:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
 I know the girl I spoke to whom.
 I know the girl whom I spoke to.
 I know the girl to whom I spoke .
Ex2: The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.
 The man is my teacher your father is talking to whom
 The man whom your father is talking to is my teacher.

……..WHOM + S + V…….
 Exercise :  Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun. (whom)
1. That’s the woman. I was telling you about her.
 That’s the woman I was telling you about whom
 That’s the woman whom I was telling you about .
 That’s the woman about whom I was telling you .
2. I don’t remember the man. You said you met him at the canteen last week.
 I don’t remember the man you said you met whom at the canteen last week.
 I don’t remember the man whom you said you met at the canteen last
week.
3. My wife wants you to come to dinner. You were speaking to my wife
 My wife wants you to come to dinner you were speaking to whom.
 My wife wants you to come to dinner whom you were speaking to.
 My wife whom you were speaking to wants you to come to dinner.
 My wife to whom you were speaking wants you come to dinner.
4. The man has just returned from the farm. I want to talk to him at once.
 The man has just returned from the farm I want to talk whom to at once
 The man has just returned from the farm whom I want to talk to at once.
 The man whom I want to talk to at once has just returned from the farm.
Exercise :  Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun. ( who/ whom)
1. Brenda is a friend. I went on holiday with her.
->
2 . I told you about a person. She is at the door.
->
3. Some boys were arrested. They have been released.
->
4. This is the boy . I met him yesterday.
->
5. She’s the woman. She telephoned the police.
->
6. He’s the person. He wanted to buy your house.
->
7. I know the woman. You bought the car from her son.
->
8. The woman was wearing a green hat. I was sitting behind her.
->
9. Lan is my classmate. She lives near my house.
->
10. The man is my English teacher . Your mother is talking to him
->
Exercise :  Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun. ( who/ whom)
1. Brenda is a friend. I went on holiday with her.
-> Brenda is a friend whom I went on holiday with.
2 . I told you about a person. She is at the door.
-> I told you about a person who is at the door.
3 . Some boys were arrested. They have been released.
->Some boys who have been released were arrested
4. This is the boy . I met him yesterday.
-> This is the boy whom I met yesterday.
5. She’s the woman. She telephoned the police.
-> She’s the woman who telephoned the police.
6. He’s the person. He wanted to buy your house.
-> He’s the person who wanted to buy your house.
7. I know the woman. You helped her .
-> I know the woman whom youhelped.
8. The woman was wearing a green hat. I was sitting behind
->
her.The woman whom I was sitting behind was wearing a green hat
9. Lan is my classmate. She lives near my house.
-> Lan is my classmate who lives near my house.
10. The man is my English teacher . Your mother is talking to him
-> The man whom your mother is talking to is my English teacher
3. WHICH: - Thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, tân ngữ trong MĐQH.

Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars

 She works for a company which makes cars.
Ex: The elehantps are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.
 The elephants are big people keep which in iron cages.
 The elephants are big which people keep in iron cages.
 The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó
Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents.
Exercise :  Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun. ( which)

1. I don’t like the films. They have unhappy ending.

 I don’t like the films which have unhappy ending.
2. I’m reading the book. I bought it in 1996.

 I’m reading the book which I bought in 1996.

3. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago.
 We visited the monument which was built a hundred years ago.
4. She hasn’t eat anything. This makes her parents worried.

 She hasn’t eat anything which makes her parents worried.

4 . THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH giới hạn
Ex1: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
 I need to meet the boy who/ that is my friend’s son.
Ex2:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
 I know the girl whom / that I spoke to.
Ex3: - She works for a company. It makes cars
 She works for a company which/ that makes cars.
* Những trường hợp bắt buộc dùng THAT:
- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much ....
Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours.
- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last
Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence. (Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu
*này.)
Những trường hợp KHÔNG dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định
Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- Sau giới từ
Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.
5 . WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật
(his-, her-, its-, their-).
Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
 John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.
Ex: This is the student. I borrowed his book.
This is the student I borrowed whose book.
This is the student whose book I borrowed.
 OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.
 Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.

- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.

 He asked me a lot of questions, I couldn’t answer most of which.

 He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.

 II . Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)
1. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
 The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
2 . WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian
Ex: - Do you remember the day? We first met on that day.
 Do you remember the day when we first met?
3 . WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do
Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.
 Tell me the reason why you are so sad.
Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.
1. It’s a book. It will interest children of all ages.
It’s a book _________________________________________________________
2. The people keep having all night parties. They live next door.
The people ________________________________________________________
3. These are the keys. They open the front door and back door.
These are ___________________________________________________________
4. Here’s an article. It might interest you.
Here’s an ___________________________________________________________
5. Half of the people didn’t appear. They were invited.
Half ______________________________________________________________
6. The festival is called Easter. It is in the late March or early April.
The ___________________________________________________________________
7. I bought some pencils. They are in different colours.
I bought ____________________________________________________________
8. This is the dictionary. I bought it at that bookstore.
This is _____________________________________________________________
9. She ate a peach. The peach was still green.
She ate ___________________________________________________________
10 The teacher can’t come to class today. I met him yesterday
The teacher
___________________________________________________________
11. This is the newspaper. I want you to buy it.
This is ________________________________________________________________
12. The Pikes keep having all- night parties. They live next door.
The Pikes _____________________________________________________________
13. People live longer. They take physical exercise.
People ________________________________________________________________
14. Tom and Peter didn’t come. They were invited.
Tom and ______________________________________________________________
15. Paris is the city. I’ve always wanted to visit it.
Paris _________________________________________________________________
16. Mrs White has just had her second baby. She’s been married for 4 years.
Mrs White ____________________________________________________________
17. I bought a new typewrite. It cost me a lot of money.
I bought ______________________________________________________________
18. Tom is one of my close friends. I usually talk to him on the phone.
Tom _________________________________________________________________
19 . That woman over there is a singer. She is talking with your father.
That __________________________________________________________________
20 . I went to the doctor. He saved the life of my son.
I went ________________________________________________________________
21. Dr. John lost his position. He hasn’t done his job well recently.
Dr. John _______________________________________________________________
22. She looked up the stars. They were twinkling in the sky now.
She __________________________________________________________________