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    CCNAv3.3 102

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    The document summarizes the OSI model and TCP/IP model. The OSI model defines 7 layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer performs a specific set of functions and relies on the layer below. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers that combine some of the functions of the OSI layers: network access, internet, transport, and application. The models provide standards to ensure compatibility between network technologies.

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    CCNAv3.3 102

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    Tung Hoang
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    The document summarizes the OSI model and TCP/IP model. The OSI model defines 7 layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer performs a specific set of functions and relies on the layer below. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers that combine some of the functions of the OSI layers: network access, internet, transport, and application. The models provide standards to ensure compatibility between network technologies.

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    The document summarizes the OSI model and TCP/IP model. The OSI model defines 7 layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer performs a specific set of functions and relies on the layer below. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers that combine some of the functions of the OSI layers: network access, internet, transport, and application. The models provide standards to ensure compatibility between network technologies.

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    63 views45 pages

    CCNAv3.3 102

    Uploaded by

    Tung Hoang
    The document summarizes the OSI model and TCP/IP model. The OSI model defines 7 layers of network communication: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. Each layer performs a specific set of functions and relies on the layer below. The TCP/IP model has 4 layers that combine some of the functions of the OSI layers: network access, internet, transport, and application. The models provide standards to ensure compatibility between network technologies.

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    of 45

    CCNA Semester 01 Chapter 02

    OSI MODEL

    Objective

    Explains how standards ensure greater

    compatibility and interoperability between various types of network technologies. scheme supports networking standards.

    Learn how the OSI reference model networking Learn about the basic functions that occur at each
    layer of the OSI model, which will serve as a foundation as you begin to design, build and troubleshoot networks.

    Table of Content
    1 MODEL OF COMMUNICATION 2 OSI MODEL 3 TCP/IP MODEL

    MODEL OF COMMUNICATION

    Networking History

    Standalone Device.
    Duplication of equipments and resources. Inability to communicate efficiently. Lack of networking management.

    LAN.
    Connects devices that are close together.

    WAN.
    Interconnects LANs across a large area.
    5

    Analyzing network in layers What is flowing ? What is flowing ? Data Data What different forms flow ? What different forms flow ? Text, Graphic, Video ... Text, Graphic, Video ... What rules govern flow ? What rules govern flow ? Standard, Protocol ... Standard, Protocol ... Where does the flow occur ? Where does the flow occur ? Cable, Atmosphere ... Cable, Atmosphere ...
    6

    Communication
    Transmission of information. Examples:

    7

    Speaking. Smoke signal. Body language. Morse. Telephone. Broadcast systems (radio, television). Internet

    Communication process
    Packets

    Protocols

    Source Address
    8

    Medium

    Destination Address

    Communication characteristics

    Addresses
    Who are the source and the destination of a communication process?

    Media
    Where is the communication take place?

    Protocols
    How to make the communication process effectively?

    Communication: Human conversation

    Address
    Hello Mr.A, I am B

    Media
    Atmosphere

    Protocol
    Language Speed Handshaking
    1

    Data Communication

    Address
    Source address, Destination address

    Media
    Cable, Fiber, Atmosphere

    Protocol
    Format Procedure

    Protocol
    Protocol is a set of rules, or an agreement, that determines the format and transmission of data that make communication on a network more efficient.

    OSI MODEL

    Evolution of networking standards


    SNA

    Standard
    Interconnectio n Proprietary Development Simplification

    TCP/IP

    DECNET

    OSI model development

    Researched and developed by the ISO International Organization for Standardizations.

    1977: establish a subcommittee to develop a communications architecture. 1984: publish ISO-7498, the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model.

    OSI model
    The OSI model: a framework within which model networking standards can be developed.
    It provided vendors with a set of standards that ensured greater compatibility and interoperability between the various types of network technologies that were produced by the many companies around the world.

    Proprietary vs. Open


    1

    A layered model

    The communications functions are partitioned into a hierarchical set of layers. Each layer performs a related subset of the functions required to communicate. Each layer relies on the next lower layer to perform more primitive functions and provides services to the next higher layer. The OSI Model define a set of layers and the services performed by each layer
    1

    Why a layered model?

    Reduces complexity. Standardizes interfaces. Facilitates modular engineering. Ensures interoperable technology. Accelerates evolution. Simplifies teaching and learning.

    7 layers of the OSI reference model

    Layer 7: Application Layer 6: Presentation Layer 5: Session Layer 4: Transport Layer 3: Network Layer 2: Data Link Layer 1: Physical All People Seem To Need Data Processing
    1

    The physical layer

    Transmission of an unstructured bit stream over a physical link between end systems.
    Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications Physical data rate Distances Physical connector

    The data-link layer

    Provides for the reliable transfer of data cross a physical link.


    Frames Physical address Network topology Synchronization Error control Flow control
    2

    The network layer

    Provides connectivity and path selection between two host systems that may be located on geographically separated networks.
    Packets Virtual circuits Route, routing table, routing protocol Logical address Fragmentation
    2

    The transport layer

    Provides reliable, transparent transfer of data over networks.


    Segments, data stream, datagram Connection oriented and connectionless End-to-end flow control Error detection and recovery Segmentation & reassembly

    The session layer

    Establishes, manages, and terminates sessions between two communicating hosts.


    Sessions Dialog Conversations Data exchange

    The presentation layer

    Ensures that the information that the application layer of one system sends out is readable by the application layer of another system.
    Format of data Data structure Data conversion Data compression Data encryption
    2

    The application layer

    Is the OSI layer that is closest to the user; it provides network services to the users applications.
    File transfer Electronic mail Terminal access Word processing Intended communication partners
    2

    Encapsulation example: Air-mail

    Encapsulation example: E-mail

    Encapsulation

    Layer-to-layer communications

    Provide services Request services

    Peer-to-peer communications

    Protocols

    Is a formal set of rules and conventions that governs how computers exchange information over a network medium. Implements the functions of one or more of the OSI layers. A communication protocol is concerned with exchanging data between two peer layers. Protocol Data Units (PDUs) : Block of data that a protocol exchange.
    3

    TCP/IP MODEL

    TCP/IP model development

    The late-60s The Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA) originally developed Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) to interconnect various defense department computer networks. The Internet, an International Wide Area Network, uses TCP/IP to connect networks across the world.
    3

    4 layers of the TCP/IP model


    Layer 4: Application Layer 3: Transport Layer 2: Internet Layer 1: Network access It is important to note that some of the layers in the TCP/IP model have the same name as layers in the OSI model. Do not confuse the layers of the two models.
    3

    The network access layer

    Concerned with all of the issues that an IP packet requires to actually make the physical link. All the details in the OSI physical and data link layers.
    Electrical, mechanical, procedural and functional specifications. Data rate, Distances, Physical connector. Frames, physical addressing. Synchronization, flow control, error control.
    3

    The internet layer

    Send source packets from any network on the internetwork and have them arrive at the destination independent of the path and networks they took to get there.
    Packets, Logical addressing. Internet Protocol (IP). Route , routing table, routing protocol.

    The transport layer

    The transport layer deals with the qualityof-service issues of reliability, flow control, and error correction.
    Segments, data stream, datagram. Connection oriented and connectionless. Transmission control protocol (TCP). User datagram protocol (UDP). End-to-end flow control. Error detection and recovery.
    3

    The application layer

    Handles high-level protocols, issues of representation, encoding, and dialog control. The TCP/IP combines all application-related issues into one layer, and assures this data is properly packaged for the next layer.
    FTP, HTTP, SMNP, DNS ... Format of data, data structure, encode Dialog control, session management
    3

    TCP/IP protocol stack

    Comparing TCP/IP with OSI

    Comparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)

    Similarities:
    Both have layers. Both have application layers, though they include very different services. Both have comparable transport and network layers Packet-switched technology is assumed. Networking professionals need to know both.

    Comparing TCP/IP with OSI (cont.)

    Differences:
    TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into its application layer. TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into one layer. TCP/IP appears simpler because it has fewer layers. Typically networks aren't built on the OSI protocol, even though the OSI model is used as a guide.
    4

    Focus of the CCNA curriculum

    Q&A

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