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Biology 20 - Unit D8.1 Nutrients V2

The document describes essential nutrients like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It explains the chemical composition and structures of these molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and proteins. Enzymes that break down carbohydrates and proteins into simpler molecules are also discussed.

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Najlaa Jomha
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62 views

Biology 20 - Unit D8.1 Nutrients V2

The document describes essential nutrients like carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It explains the chemical composition and structures of these molecules, including monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and proteins. Enzymes that break down carbohydrates and proteins into simpler molecules are also discussed.

Uploaded by

Najlaa Jomha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Essential Nutrients

Chapter 8 - Digestive System


Unit D - 8.1
Goal
D1.2 : Students will describe the chemical nature of
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins and their enzymes; i.e.,
carbohydrases, lipases and proteases
Background
- Humans are composed of nonliving chemicals
- What do you think they are?
Main Molecules in Us
1 Carbohydrates
2 Lipids
3 Proteins
Carbohydrates
1. Carbohydrates
- Main job: provide us with fast source of energy
- They make up the largest part of our diets
- What are some examples of carbohydrates in your
diet?
- Why should we not have too much extra energy?
Carbohydrates Chemistry
- Carbohydrates have a single sugar unit or are polymers of
many sugar units
- Formula for single carbs have a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to
hydrogen to oxygen
CnH2nOn
Carbohydrates Chemistry
- Scientifically naming a sugar depends on the number of carbons that are
in it
3C → tri- 5C → pent- 6C → hex-
- Sugars with more than 5 carbons will form rings
- Most carbs have the suffix –ose
- Common sugars are glucose found in the blood, sucrose found as sugar,
fructose found in plants, and deoxyribose found in DNA
A.Monosaccharides
1. Glucose
- Aka blood sugar
- The sugar required to make energy
- Problem: diabetes mellitus (too much blood sugar)
A.Monosaccharides
2. Fructose
- Fruit sugar
- Sweet type of monosaccharide
A.Monosaccharides
3. Galactose
- In pectin (thickens jams)
- Jello

- They are called isomers, what do you think an isomer is?


B. Disaccharides
They are a combination of two monosaccharides

Sucrose Maltose Lactose


- Milk sugar
- White table sugar - Malt sugar - Glucose +
- Glucose + fructose - Glucose + glucose galactose
- Extracted from sugar - Found in seeds of
beets or sugar cane germinating plants
B. Disaccharides
1. Joining monosaccharide molecules
- Called anabolic reaction
- It is through a process called dehydration synthesis
- When 2 monosaccharide molecules join together, they
lose a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis
Monosaccharide + monosaccharide → H2O + disaccharide

Glucose + Glucose → H2O + Maltose


B. Disaccharides
2. Breaking apart disaccharides
- Called catabolic reaction
- It’s done through a process called hydrolysis
- Adding a water molecules to divide the disaccharide
into 2 monosaccharides
Hydrolysis
C. Polysaccharides
1. Starch
- This is how plants store energy / sugar
- Two forms:
- Amalose (1000 or more glucose with 1 to 4 binding)
- Amylopectin (1000 - 6000 glucose with short branching chains of 24 to 36)
- Found in: foods, potatoes, pastas, rice.
- DOES NOT dissolve in water
- Digestible
StarchAmylase Maltose
Maltase
Glucose +
Glucose
C. Polysaccharides
2. Glycogen
- It is how WE store sugar –it’s storage polysaccharide
- Similar structure to amylopectin, except branches only 16-24 glucose
- Found in our muscles and liver
- Our body pulls it out of storage when our blood sugar (glucose) levels are
low
- The hormone glucagon turns stored glycogen into glucose
C. Polysaccharides
2. Glycogen
- The hormone insulin takes glucose out of the blood and into the cells
(for energy use)
- GLYCOGEN IS NOT FAT

- Glucose  Blood sugar

- Glycogen  Stored energy

- Fat  More storage (beyond glycogen)


C. Polysaccharides
3. Cellulose
- Makes up the cell wall
- 50% of all carbon is stuck in this form
- It doesn’t tend to form coiled structures like starch, but has more
layered structures
- Tends to have hydrogen bonds between OH groups
Lipids
Lipids
- Lipids are insoluble… why?
- Made of two structural units:
1. Glycerol
2. Fatty acid
- Like complex carbohydrates, they are made using dehydration
synthesis
Lipids
Main functions:
1. Storage of energy for long term
2. Key components of cell membranes
3. Act as a cushion for delicate organs of body
4. Serve as carriers for vitamin A, D, E and K
5. Raw material for the synthesis of hormones and other chemicals
6. Insulation
Lipids
Waxes
Phospholipids

Triglycerides
1. Triglycerides
- Formed from union of glycerol and three fatty acids

- Saturated fat: Solid at room temperature

- Unsaturated fat: Liquid at room temperature

- Oil
2. Phospholipids
- Phosphate group bonded to a glycerol backbone

- Have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends

3. Waxes
- Long chain fatty acids joined to long chain alcohols or to carbon
rings

- Insoluble in water so good for waterproofing


Liposome Technology for Drug Delivery
- Lipids tend to assemble themselves into double layered spheres
the size of cells
- These are called liposomes
- They are able to fuse with cells to deliver contents to the cell
interior
- Currently used to fight cancer, delivering anti-cancer drugs
- Currently also used for gene therapy
Proteins
Proteins
- They form structural parts of cells
- They’re made of building blocks called amino acids
- R-groups change depending on different amino acids
Proteins
- Nearly everything is made of proteins
- Antibodies are a specialized type of proteins
- Proteins are different from carbs and lipids because they have
nitrogen and often sulfur
- They can be used for energy but it is not the main function of
proteins
Proteins
- Proteins allow for diversity
- There are 20 different amino acids that can be arranged in a
limitless amount of ways
- Also, proteins can be made up of as few as a couple of AA up to
more than 250000 AA
Amino Acids
Proteins
- The sequence of AA determines the protein
- So different sequences give us different proteins
- These sequences will be determined by your genes
Protein formation
1. Dehydration synthesis occurs where a H2O molecule is removed,
2. Then, a covalent bond forms between the carboxyl group of one
AA and the amino group of adjacent AA
- This is called a peptide bond
Proteins
- Polypeptides: chains of amino acids
- Your body can make many of the amino acids, but there are 8
that the body cannot make
- These 8 AA are called essential amino acids

How do you think you can get the essential amino acids?
Structure of Proteins
- Proteins are polypeptides that are folded into specific 3D shapes
- Some may contain more than one polypeptide
- The shape and structure of proteins determines their function
Structure of Proteins
Four levels of structure
1. Primary: this is the unique sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary:
- Determined by the Primary structure and H-bonds between the amino
acids
- Two secondary structures: either AA chain coils or folds
Structure of Proteins
Four levels of structure

3. Tertiary: Additional folding caused by the R-groups

- Example: Disulfide bridges

- Example: 1 hemoglobin around a single iron


Structure of Proteins
Four levels of structure

4. Quaternary: larger globular proteins formed from two or more polypeptides

- Example: functional hemoglobin has 4 subunits


Denaturation and Coagulation
- Denaturation: disruption of bonds that change the configuration of the
protein

- Caused by excess heat, radiation, change in pH, etc.

- The protein may uncoil or assume a new shape, but once the “cause” is
removed, the protein may revert back to its original
Denaturation and Coagulation
HOWEVER

- If the change is permanent, then that is coagulation

Can you think of any permanent changes to proteins?


Practice

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