W 4 SKR 3200

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Multiplexing

1. Multiplexing ?
2. Frequency Division Multiplexing :FDM
3. Wavelength Division Multiplexing: WDM
4. Time Division Multiplexing : TDM
5. Synchronous TDM vs. Asynchronous TDM
Learning Outcome

• Explain the existing multiplexing methods


i.e., FDM,WDM and TDM(A3)
• Show the calculation of TDM for data
transmission (P2)
1. Multiplexing
 Multiplexing is a set of techniques that allows the simultaneous
transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.

 Today there are many technologies can accommodate high bandwidth,


i.e optical fiber and satellite microwave.

 Each has a bandwidth far in excess of that needed for the average
transmission signal.

 If the bandwidth of a link is greater than the bandwidth needs of the


devices connected to it, the bandwidth is wasted.

 Bandwidth is the precious thing in data communication.

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• In multiplexed system, n lines share the bandwidth of one
link.

• The sender is a multiplexer (MUX).


• The receiver is a demultiplexer (DEMUX)

• Link refer to the physical path.


• Channel refer to the portion of a link that carries a
transmission between a given pair of lines.
• One link can have many (n) channels.
• There are 3 basic multiplexing techniques,
– Frequency Division Multiplexing (Analog)
– Wavelength Division Multiplexing (Analog)
– Time Division Multiplexing (Digital) 4
2. Frequency- Division Multiplexing
• FDM is analog technique can be applied when the
bandwidth of a link (in hertz) is greater than the combined
bandwidth of the signals to be transmitted.
• Channels can be separated by strips of unused bandwidth
– guard bands.
• Guard bands – to prevent signals from overlapping

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Example 2

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3. Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing
 Conceptually same as FDM, except that the multiplexing
and demultiplexing involve light signals transmitted
through fiber optics channels.
 The idea is same:”Combining different signals of different
frequencies” the difference is that the frequencies are very
high.
 Very narrow bands of light from sources are combined to
make a wider band of light.
 How to combine multiple light sources into one single light
at multiplexer?? Use prism.
 Prism bends a beam of light based on the angle of7
incidence and the frequency.
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4.Time-Division Multiplexing(TDM)
 a digital process that can be applied when the data rate
capacity of transmission medium is greater than the data
rate required by the sending and receiving devices.
 Multiple transmissions can occupy a single link by
subdividing them and interleaving the portions.
 The link is shown sectioned by time rather than
frequency.
 Implemented in two ways: synchronous TDM and
asynchronous TDM.

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TDM

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Synchronous TDM
 Synchronous means that the multiplexer allocates exactly
the same time slot to each device at all times, whether or
not device has anything to transmit.
 Frames:
 Time slots are grouped into frames.
 A frame consists of one complete cycle of time slots,
including one or more slots dedicated to each sending
device
 In a system with n input lines, each frame has at least n
slots.
slots
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Synchronous TDM

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Synchronous TDM
 Interleaving:
 Synchronous TDM can be compared to a very fast
rotating switch.
 The switch moves from device to device at a constant
rate and in a fixed order - interleaving.
 Interleaving can be done by bit, by byte, or by any
other data unit.
 Framing bits:
 The order of receipt tells the demultiplexer where to
direct each time slot – so, no addressing required.
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TDM frames

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Interleaving

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Framing Bits

Alternate 0s and 1s
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Example 3

Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together.


A unit is 1 bit. Find:
1. The duration of 1 bit before multiplexing 1/1 Kbps=
0.001 s (1 ms)

2. The transmission rate of the link is 4 x rate of a


connection = 4 Kbps

3. The duration of each time slot = 1ms /4 or 250 s

4. The duration of a frame = duration of 1 unit before


multiplexing => 1 ms 17
Solution for Example 3
2 4
Data 1 connection = 1 Kbps A. Duration 1 frame = duration 1 bit
4 connections = 4 x 1 Kbps = 4 Kbps = 1ms
B. Duration 1 frame = 4 time slots
= 4 x 250s = 1ms
1 Kbps

1 Kbps

1 Kbps 3
A. Duration 1 time slot = ¼ duration 1 bit
1 Kbps
= 1 ms x ¼
1
= 0.25 ms = 250s
1 Kbps = 1000 bit … 1 second
B. Duration 1 time slot = 1 / data rate
1 bit = 1 / 1000 = 0.001 second = 1ms
= 1 / 4 Kbps
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= 0.25 ms = 250s
Framing bits

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Example 4 - optional
We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per
second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1
synchronizing bit is added to each frame;

1. The data rate of each source : 8 bits x 250 = 2000bps


2. The duration of a character : 1/250 s, or 0.004s = 4ms
3. The frame rate : 250 frames per second
4. The duration of each frame : 1 s/250 = 4 ms
5. Frame size : 4 time slots x 8 bits + 1 bit = 33 bits.
6. Data rate of output link : 250 frame x 33bits /s = 8250 bps
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Extra: Slide

Solution for Example 4


1
3 4
Data rate 1 source = 250 char x 8 bits Frame rate Duration 1 Frame
= 2000bps = transmission = 1/250

...
rate
* 1 char = 8 bits = 4ms
a b c d e f = 250 frames/sec
A z y x w v u ...
B o p q r s t ...
C h i j k l m ... 5
1 Frame contains = 4 chars + 1 sync bit
D
= (4 chars x 8bit ) + 1bit
2
= 33 bits
Duration of 1 char = 1 / 250
= 4 ms 6
Data rate = frame rate x bits per frame
= 250 X 33 bits 21

= 8250 bps
Example 5
Four channels are multiplexed using TDM. If each
channel sends 100 bytes/s and we multiplex 1 byte per
channel, show the frame traveling on the link, the size of
the frame, the duration of a frame, the frame rate, and the
bit rate for the link.

Solution
The multiplexer is shown in the next figure

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Example 5

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Example 6
A multiplexer combines four 100-Kbps channels using a
time slot of 2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary
inputs. What is the frame rate? What is the frame
duration? What is the bit rate? What is the bit duration?

Solution
The next figure shows the output for four arbitrary
inputs.
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Example 6

20s

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Example 7
Two channels, one with a bit rate of 100 Kbps and
another with a bit rate of 200 Kbps, are to be multiplexed.
How this can be achieved? What is the frame rate? What
is the frame duration? What is the bit rate of the link?

Solution
We can allocate one slot to the first channel and
two slots to the second channel. Each frame carries
3 bits. The frame rate is 100,000 frames per second
because it carries 1 bit from the first channel. The
frame duration is 1/100,000 s, or 10 ms. The bit rate26
is 100,000 frames/s x 3 bits/frame, or 300 Kbps.
Asynchronous TDM
 Synchronous TDM does not guarantee that the full
capacity of a link is used.
 Because the time slots are preassigned and fixed,
whenever a connected device is not transmitting, the
corresponding slot is empty and that much of the path is
wasted.
 Asynchronous TDM (also called statistical TDM) is
designed to avoid this type of waste.
 Asynchronous means flexible or not fixed.
 Unlike synchronous TDM, in asynchronous TDM the total
speed of the input lines can be greater than the capacity of
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the path.
Asynchronous TDM

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Asynchronous TDM
 If we have n input lines, the frame contains no more than
m slots, with m < n.

 Given the same link, asynchronous TDM can support


more devices.

 m is based on the number of input lines that are likely to


be transmitted at any given time.

 Time slots allocated dynamically.


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Frames and Addresses

 Addressing and Overhead

 Each time slot must carry an address telling the


demultiplexer how to direct the data.

 This address is attached by the multiplexer and


discarded by the demultiplexer. 30

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