I n t r o d u c ti o n t o

BIODIVER
SITY
P r e s e n t e d by: G R O U P 2
What we'll discuss
● Ecosystems and Living Organisms
● B i o l o g i ca l Re s o u rc e s
● T h e 2010 Internati onal Ye a r of Diversity
● Biotechnology
● Geneti cally Modifi ed O r g a n i s m s
● G e n e ti c Modifi cati on
● C a r t a g e n a Proto co l o n Biosafety
● Geneti cally Modifi ed G o l d e n rice falls short o n
lifesaving p ro m i s e s
● Ecosystems
● 2010 Internati onal Ye a r
EC O S Y S T E M
A n e c o s y s t e m is a g e o g r a p h i c a rea w h e r e
plants, a n i m a l s , a n d o th e r o rg a n i s m s , a s well a s
w e a t h e r a n d l a n d s c a p e , w o r k t o g e t h e r to
fo r m a b u b b l e of life. E c o s y s t e m s c o n t a i n
bioti c or living, parts, a s well a s a b io ti c factors,
or n o n l i v i n g parts. B i o ti c factors i n c l u d e
plants, a n i m a l s , a n d o th er o rga n i s m s . A b i o ti c
factors i n c l u d e rocks, te m p e rat u re , a n d
humidity
T h e t e r m e c o s y s t e m fi rst a p p e a r e d in a 1935 p u b l icati o n b y t h e
Briti sh ecolog ist A r t h u r Tansley (Tansley 1935). However, t h e t e r m
h a d b e e n c o i n e d already in 1930 b y Tansley's c o l l e a g u e R o y
C l a p h a m , w h o w a s a s ke d if h e c o u l d t h i n k of a suitable w o r d
to d e n o t e t h e p hys ica l a n d biological c o m p o n e n t s of a n
e n v i r o n m e n t co n s i d e re d in relati on to e a c h other a s a unit.
Tansley e x p a n d e d o n t h e t e r m in his later work, a d d i n g t h e
e c o to p e c o n c e p t to defi ne t h e spati al co ntex t of
 Ec os ys te m s m ay Be ca te go r iz ed i n
d i f f e r en t ma nn er s. Fo llo w in g ar e
so me ex am pl es of di ve rs e e co sy st e ms :

Riverine ecosystem
-River
- Stream ecosystem
ecosystem
-Spring ecosystem
Lacustrine ecosystem
-Pond ecosystem
-Lake ecosystem
● Marine ecosystem
-Coastal water ecosystem
■ Estuary ecosystem
■ Lagoon ecosystem
○ Coral reef ecosystem
○ Soft-bottom continental
shelf ecosystem
○ Upwelling continental
shelf ecosystem
○ Open ocean ecosystem
○ Polar ocean ecosystem
(the Arctic and Antarctic
oceans)
●B o u n d a r y e c o s y s t e m ( w h e re o n e b o d y of w a t e r m e e t s
a n ot h er (e st u a r i es a n d l a go o n s ) ; w h e re a b o d y of wa t e r m e e t s l a n d
(wetlands); w h e r e o n e l a n d a rea m e e t s a n o t h e r l a n d type)
● Soil e c o s y s t e m
●Po l a r e c o s y s t e m (in polar regions, s u c h a s polar b a r re n s a n d
t u n d ra )
● Mountain ecosystem
● A g r o e c o s y s t e m s (farms, l i vesto c k p ro d u c ti o n s y s t e m s
● Fo re st e c o s y s t e m
● G ra s s l a n d e c o s y s t e m
● U r b a n e c o s y s t e m (citi es, s u b u r b s )
Threats to E c o s y s t e m s

For thousands of years, people have interacted with ecosystems. Many cultures developed
around nearby ecosystems. As human populations have grown, however, people have
overtaken many ecosystems. The tallgrass prairie of the Great Plains, for instance, became
farmland. Human activity threatens all these rainforest ecosystems in the Amazon.
Thousands of acres of land are cleared for farmland, housing, and industry.
However, the destruction of rainforest ecosystems has its costs. Many modern medicines have
been developed from rainforest plants. Curare, a muscle relaxant, and quinine, used to treat
malaria, are just two of these medicines. Many scientists worry that destroying the rainforest
ecosystem may prevent more medicines from being developed.

Unfortunately, it’s our Human daily activities that are causing

harm to our ecosystem. Examples of this are: Over hunting
(rhinos, Tigers, Elephants, Lions, and many more). Over
Fishing, Deforestation and of course pollution
Reboundin g E c o s y s t e m s

E c o s y s t e m s c a n re cove r f ro m destructi on, h oweve r. T h e d e licate coral reef

e c o s y s t e m s in t h e S o u t h Pa c i fi c are at risk d u e to r i s i n g o c e a n t e m p e ra t u r e s
a n d d e c r e a s e d salinity. C o ra l s b lea c h, or lose their b r i g h t colors, in wate r t h at is
too w a r m . T h e y d i e in wate r t h at isn't salty e n o u g h . W i t h o u t t h e reef structure,
t h e e c o s y s t e m collapses. O r g a n i s m s s u c h a s algae, p l a nt s s u c h a s s e ag ra s s ,
a n d a n i m a l s s u c h a s fi sh, s n a ke s , a n d s h r i m p d is ap p ea r.

I n d i v i d u a l pe o pl e , cul ture s, a n d g o v e r n m e n t s a re w o r k i n g to p re s e r v e e c o s y s t e m s t h a t a re
i m p o r t a n t to t h e m . T h e g o v e r n m e n t of E c u a d o r, for i n sta n c e , r e c o g n i z e s e c o s y s t e m r i g h t s i n t h e
co u nt r y ' s co nsti tuti o n. T h e s o - c a l l e d R i g h t s of N a t u r e s ay s N a t u r e or P a c h a m a m a [Earth], w h e r e
life is r e p r o d u c e d a n d exists, h a s t h e r i g h t to exist, persist, m a i n t a i n a n d r e g e n e r a t e its vital
cycles, structure, f u nc ti o n s, a n d its p ro c e s s e s i n evoluti on. Ev e r y p e rso n , pe o p l e , c o m m u n i t y or
nati onality, will b e a b l e to d e m a n d t h e r e c o g n i ti o n of r i g h t s for n a t u r e b efo re t h e p u b l i c bo die s.
E c u a d o r is h o m e n o t o n l y to rainforest e c o sy s t e m s , b u t a l so river e c o s y s t e m s a n d t h e r e m a r k a b l e
e c o s y s t e m s o n t h e G a l a p a g o s Islands.
Genetically refers to genes. Genes are made up
of DNA, which is a set of instructions for how
cells grow and develop
Modified-implies that some change or tweak
has been made
Organism - refers to all living things,
including bacteria and fungi.
 Genetically Modified Organisms

organism that has been modified in the lab to meet the desirable physiological features or
the production of desired biological products.
 The Dolly Case (reproductive
cloning)
• Scientific procedures such as recombinant DNA technology and reproductive cloning are used to
create genetically modified organisms (GMOs).
• In reproductive cloning, a nucleus is retrieved from a cell of the individual to be
cloned and placed into the enucleated cytoplasm of a host eggian enucleated
egy is an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed).
•Dolly, a sheep born in 1996, was the first animal created using this cloning procedure with
a nucleus from an adult donor cell (rather than a donar embryo). She was created by
British developmental biologist lan Wilmut and colleagues at the Roslin Institute near
Edinburgh,
Scotland
 The Hybrid DNA
(Recombinant DNA
technology)
•Recombinant DNA technology, on the other hand, is inserting
one or more individual genes from one species organism into
the DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)
of a different species. genome
. Although whole-genome replacement, involving
transplanting one bacterial into the "cell body," or cytoplasm,
of another microorganism, has been documented, it is still
limited to fundamental scientific applications.
 The Hybr id
DNA
(Rec o mbinant
DNA
technology)
• Steps of DNA Recombination
1.Cut and Isolate desired ONA
2.Ligate into vector DNA
3. Insert into host cell
4. Grow host cel
Purpose
GMOs are sources of medicines, genetically modified foods, are widely used in
scientific research & to produce other goods
GMOs have wide arrays of applications in different fields of Biology
Human Gene
-Therapy
Research use
Transgenic
Plants (Crops)
Microbes
Mammals
Producing
food quality
traits
Genetic Modification
is a process for altering a plant's, animal's, or
microorganism's properties by transferring a
fragment of DNA from one organism to
another.
 History o f Geneti cally Modified Organisms
Humans have been using traditional modification methods like selective breeding and cross-breeding for thousands of
years to breed plants and animals with more desirable traits. To date, scientists have engineered bacteria that
produce medication-grade drugs. crops with built-in pesticides, and beagles that glow in the dark. While these are all
relatively recent advances in scientific technology, humans have been altering the genetics of organisms for over
30,000 years.
Around 32,000 years ago
Wild wolves in East Asia joined groups of humans as scavengers. They were domesticated and
then artificially selected to increase docility, leading to dogs that are closely related to what are
currently known as Chinese native dogs
Circa 8000BCE
Human uses traditional modification methods like selective breeding and crossbreeding to
breed plants and animals with more desirable traits
1866
Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, breed two different types of peas and identifies the
basic process of genetics

1922
The first hybrid com is produced and sold commercial
1953
Building on discoveries of chemist Rosalind frankin, scientist
James Watson and Francis Crick identify the structure of
 The Future o f G M O
Te c h n o lo g y

There are countless potential uses of GE technology in development. These include plants with
superior disease and drought resistance, animals with enhanced growth properties, and
strategies for more efficient pharmaceutical production
The United Nations predicts that by 2050, humans will need to produce 70% more food than
we currently do in order to adequately feed the global population.

Genetically Modified Golden rice falls short on lifesaving promises

It is considered essentially a "crime against humanity Golden rice is the first genetically modified crop in the world
designed to benefit consumers rather than farmers. The most significant challenge to putting such
environmentally friendly, economical, and nutritious food on the global table is no longer scientific, but political
As soon as golden rice is available, the next step should be to educate legislators and the general
public about its benefits and why millions of children have died while waiting for it. In December 2019. the
Government of the Philippines approved Golden Rice as safe to eat, following similar approvals by regulators in
Canada, the US and Australia and New Zealand (2017/2018). Its efficacy has not yet been assessed and it is not yet
approved for cultivation.
There is no GM rice currently grown or sold anywhere in the world
 BIOLOGICAL
RESOURCES
- biological resources refer to the living landscape the plants, animals, and other aspects of
nature that occur on farmland, forests, and other natural lands. It can be a substance or object
required by an organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction

Examples of biological resources

Foods
Medical resources
Wood products
Ornamental
plants Wild life

Biological sources make up the ingredients for many items that we used in our daily lives
like personal care and beauty products. Shampoo, dye, lotion, cosmetics, perfumes,
clapers, nail polish remover, and soap represent only a few examples of blology-based
everyday items
 Ca t e g o r i e s o f
b iologica l r e s o u r c e s :
Primary Resources
Gonorated for specific application orientent purposes forestry, agriculture;
aquaculture.
▸ Secondary Resources
Generated during primary processing in industrial processing is by-products
or residues during maintenances of large green areas
Tertiary Resources -
Occar as residues in small amounts at the generation place which are not graine
Show uncontrolled modification, such as modification during storage may have
calen place,

Quaternary Bioresources
Occur after a product is used and can be distinguished according to the time
franyes of the generation after the start of utilization into short, mid, and long-
term categories.
 Importa n c e o f B i o l o g i c a l
▸ Economy Re s o u r c e s
-Biodiversity does not only consumed by humans but is also used as a business and used for
production for many livelihoods such as tammers, fishers, timber workers, who are
dependent on bidogical sources
Ecological life support
- Biorascurtas provide a functioning ecosystem that supplies clean water plants, animals, and
many ecosystem services.
Recreation
-Bioresources can also provide fun and joy to some people, such as gardening fishing, and
other recreational activities that involve bioresources.

What if there are no

bioresources?

There are many problems aurounding our lives, such an illness and food shortages Various
bioresources are used in research and development Without bioresources, they cannot conduct
researches of diseases or drug development, Issues on the environment energy and food that
support our lives would remain unsolved in addition, bioresources are necessary for a recesech
on health and production of proper amount of food
 Biotechnology

Biotechnology is technology that utilizes biological systems, living organisms or parts of this to
develop or create different products.

At its simplest, biotechnology is technology based on biology - biotechnology harnesses cellular

and biomolecular processes to develop technologies and products that help improve our lives
and the health of our planet. We have used the biological processes of microorganisms for more
than 6,000 years to make useful food products, such as bread and cheese, and to preserve dairy
products.
 Appl ic at io ns and Exampl es
o f Biotechnology:
Y
Bread baking (Yeast is a living organism used in bread making)
Nanotechnology – Microscopic equipment entering the body, such as nanobots which
can control brain signal to brain cells
Regenerative Medicine – Stem cell research and cloning
Agriculture – Genetically modified Organisms thru gene
editing
Industrial biotechnology has produced enzymes for use in our daily lives and for the
manufacturing sector. For instance, meat tenderizer is an enzyme and some contact
lens cleaning fluids contain enzymes to remove sticky protein deposits.
Pros:
1. Improves Medical Treatment – Especially with diseases that come from
genetics. Cancer study will arise with biotechnology
2.Conserves resources – Food preservation methods, generating food
3. Food lifespan
4. Minimizes pesticide usage – Scientists are able to design crops that are resistant to
parasites and pests
 Cons
:1.Ethics –
Biotechnology uses selective crossbreeding on the modification of genes. In stem
cell research, the cells are taken from embryos. Therefore, possibly harming the
babies.

2.Many unknowns –
A lot of what biotechnology does can have unforeseen consequences during
the genetic modification process. Such as changing the genes of crops to grow
in a different climate. We do not know the possible consequence of this.

3. Can be weaponized –
Someone can change certain species in order to make them harmful to
humans. Example is creating genetically modified super soldiers using gene
editing.
 2010 Year o f
bio diversity
In 2002, world leaders agreed to substantially reduce the rate of biodiversity loss by 2010. The
2010 Biodiversity Target was subsequently integrated into the Millennium Development
Goals.

It was meant to help raise awareness of the importance of biodiversity

through activities and events, to influence decision makers, and "to
elevate biological diversity nearer to the top of the political agenda"

The International Year of Biodiversity celebrates life on earth and biodiversity’s

value for people’s lives. People around the world are invited to participate in
activities and events that promote the International Year of Biodiversity in
2010.
Through action, it is anticipated that the variety of life on earth – biodiversity
– will be safeguarded. There are many ways in which individuals, government
bodies, and non-government organizations plan on participating in this event.
REFERECE
S
Thank
for listening!

Yo u
MEMBE
RS Ian Peter L.
Lastimosa Noel B.
Emaas
Kean Drei F. Haspela
John Rodick C.
Bongat Justin Ira A.
Natividad Bea Jones
M. Verdejo