Week 3

UNIT-I
HVAC (Part 1)
LECTURE-03
ARC 3107: Building Services – II (HVAC & Electrical Systems)
Prepared by
Dr Vipin Tandon
Assistant Professor
Fresh air calculation
• As per the air pollution research, ASHRAE has determined ideal ventilation rates
for each type of building, which are presented per square foot and per occupant:
• The design airflow per unit area is expressed in cfm per square foot.
• The occupancy component is expressed in cfm per person.
Vbz = Rp · Pz + Ra · Az
Vbz = Vol. of air required for a breathing zone in cfm (cubic feet per minute)
Az = zone floor area: the net occupiable floor area of the ventilation zone ft2 (m2)
Pz = zone population: the number of people in the ventilation zone during typical usage.
Rp = outdoor airflow rate required per person as determined from Table
Ra = outdoor airflow rate required per unit area as determined from Table
For example:
The minimum ventilation rate for a restaurant is 0.18 cfm/sq. ft. and 7.5
cfm/person. If the area is 4500 sq. ft and the restaurant is designed for 300
persons, the required ventilation rate is the following:
Formula: Vbz = Rp · Pz + Ra · Az
Area component = Ra x Az = 0.18 cfm/sq.ft x 4500 sq.ft = 810 cfm
Occupancy component = 7.5 cfm/person x 300 persons = 2250 cfm
Total airflow = 810 cfm + 3000 cfm = 3060 cfm
WHAT IS AIR CONDITIONING :
Air conditioning is the process by

which
• AIR IS COOLED OR HEATED.
• CLEANED OR FILTERED.
• CIRCULATED OR RECIRCULATED.
• CONTROL THE QUALITY & QUANTITY
This means by air conditioning system

the temperature, humidity & volume
of air can be controlled at any time in
any situation.
Objectives of Heating, Various applications of air conditioning
Ventilation Air
Conditioning (HVAC)
• Shopping malls
Control of air temperature • Auditoriums & theatres
Control of moisture content • Hospitals
in the air
• Hotels and restaurants
Proper air movement
To hold the air • Offices
contamination within • Commercial complex
acceptable limits
• Luxury apartments
• Infotech parks
• Pharmaceutical industry ,Telecom industry and many
more………!!
HVAC
COMPONENTS
• Furnace
• Heat exchanger
• Ducts
• Vents
• Air Conditioning Unit
• Evaporator Coils
• Condensing Unit
Air Conditioning Unit
An air conditioner is like a refrigerator without the insulated box. It evaporates a refrigerant, like Freon, to
provide cooling.
Most Air Conditioners Have:

• A compressor
• An expansion valve
• A hot coil
• A chilled coil
• Two fans
• A control unit
CONDENSER
EVAPORATOR COMPRESSOR
EXPANSION VALVE
Types of Refrigeration cycles
•Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses mechanical energy

•Vapour Absorption Refrigeration (VAR): uses thermal energy
Vapour Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
Analyser
Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle
Type of coolant/refrigerant
R-22
Mono cloro difluoro metana
R-11
Tri cloro mono fluro metana
R-12
Di cloro difluoro metana
Types of Systems
• Central Forced-Air Systems
• Zone Control Systems
• Radiant Heat/Cooling system
Central Forced Air System
• It is the most common HVAC system
• The outside air is circulated through or around heating or cooling
devices
• The cooled or heated air is supplied in to the ducts
• The supply ducts transport the conditioned air into building through
diffusers
• Air is routed back to heating/cooling device through return ducts
Zone Control System
• A zone control system uses thermostats to connect to a central
control panel to open and shut dampers distributed throughout your
ductwork, thus blocking or releasing hot or cold air.
• The temperature is set for each zone via each thermostat.
• There are many factors affecting the indoor temperature in your
home, such as appliances, higher or cathedral ceilings, shading, wind
chill, and cooking.
• Zoning solves these problems by allowing each zone’s thermostat to
individually adjust to the desired heating or cooling level.
Radiant Heat
• Radiant heating systems supply heat directly to the floor or to panels in the
wall or ceiling of a house.
• The systems depend largely on radiant heat transfer -- the delivery of heat
directly from the hot surface to the people and objects in the room via
infrared radiation.
• It is usually more efficient than forced-air heating because it eliminates duct
losses.
• Types of Radiant Heat floors:
1. Radiant air floors (air is the heat-carrying medium)
2. Electric radiant floors
3. Hot water (hydronic)
Radiant Heat Floor
Radiant air floors (air is the heat-carrying medium)
• Air cannot hold large amounts of heat, so radiant air floors are not
cost-effective in residential applications, and are seldom installed.
• It can be combined with solar air heating systems, however, these
systems suffer from the obvious drawback of only producing heat in
the daytime, when heating loads are generally lower.
Radiant Heat Floor
ELECTRIC RADIANT FLOORS
• It consist of electric heating cables built into the floor.
• Because of the relatively high cost of electricity, electric radiant floors are usually only cost-
effective if they include a significant thermal mass such as a thick concrete floor and your
electric utility company offers time-of-use rates.
• Time-of-use rates allow you to "charge" the concrete floor with heat during off-peak hours
(approximately 9 p.m. to 6 a.m.).
• If the floor's thermal mass is large enough, the heat stored in it will keep the house comfortable
for eight to ten hours without any further electrical input, particularly when daytime
temperatures are significantly warmer than nighttime temperatures.
• This saves a considerable amount of money compared to heating at peak electric rates during
the day.
Radiant Heat Floor
HYDRONIC RADIANT FLOORS
• Hydronic (liquid) systems are the most popular and cost-effective radiant
heating systems for heating-dominated climates.
• Hydronic radiant floor systems pump heated water from a boiler through
tubing laid in a pattern under the floor.
• In some systems, controlling the flow of hot water through each tubing loop
by using zoning valves or pumps and thermostats regulates room
temperatures.
Radiant Cooling
• Radiant cooling cools a floor or ceiling by absorbing
the heat radiated from the rest of the room.
• The floor is cooled, it is referred to as radiant floor
cooling; cooling the ceiling is usually done in homes
with radiant panels.
• It potentially suitable for arid climates, radiant
cooling is problematic for homes in more humid
climates due to condensation on the panels when
their temperature is below the dew point of the air in
the room.
• Radiant cooling systems work by circulating chilled
water through a network of polymer pipes installed
in floors, walls or ceilings. This network of pipes can
turn the floors, walls and ceilings of a conditioned
space into cooled surfaces that evenly absorb heat
energy.
The basic components or equipment of an HVAC system that delivers conditioned air to satisfy thermal
comfort of space and occupants and the achieve the indoor air quality are listed below:
a. Mixed-air plenum and outdoor air control
b. Air filter (HEPA filter)
c. Supply fan
d. Exhaust or relief fans and an air outlet
e. Outdoor air intake
f. Ducts
g. Terminal devices
h. Return air system
i. Heating and cooling coils
j. Cooling tower
k. Boiler
l. Water chiller
m. Humidification and dehumidification equipment
References
• https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/radiant-heating
• National Building Code 2016, Volume 2
• https://fairconditioning.org/knowledge/sustainable-cooling-technolo
gies/radiant-cooling
/
• https://www.energy.gov/energysaver/radiant-cooling
Thank you..!!

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UNIT-I

Air conditioning is the process by

This means by air conditioning system

Most Air Conditioners Have:

•Vapour Compression Refrigeration (VCR): uses mechanical energy

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