CH 01

Chapter 1 - An Introduction to
Computers and Problem Solving

• 1.1 An Introduction to Computing and
Visual Basic
• 1.2 Program Development Cycle
• 1.3 Programming Tools
1
1.1 An Introduction to Computing
and Visual Basic
• Miscellaneous Questions
Communicating with the
Computer
• Machine language – low level, hard for
humans to understand
• Visual Basic – high level, understood by
humans, consists of instructions such as
Click, If, and Do
3
Programming and
Complicated Tasks
• Tasks are broken down into instructions
that can be expressed by a programming
language
• A program is a sequence of instructions
• Programs can consist of only a few
instructions or millions of lines of
instructions
4
All Programs Have in
Common:
• Take data and manipulate it to produce a
result
• Input – Process – Output
• Input – from files, the keyboard, or other
input device
• Output – usually to the monitor, a printer, or
a file
5
Hardware and Software
• Hardware – the physical components of

the computer
• Central processing unit
• Disk drive
• Monitor
• Software – the instructions that tell the
computer what to do
6
Zero-Based Numbering
In Visual Basic, items are usually counted
beginning with 0 instead of 1.
That is, 0th , 1st, 2nd, …
7
Programmer and User
• Programmer – the person who solves the

problem and writes the instructions for
the computer
• User – any person who uses the
program written by the programmer
8
Windows Versions
Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows 10

9
1.2 Program Development Cycle
• Performing a Task on the Computer

• Program Planning
10
Terminology
A computer program may also be called:

• Project
• Application
• Solution
11
Program Development Cycle
• Software refers to a collection of

instructions for the computer
• The computer only knows how to do
what the programmer tells it to do
• Therefore, the programmer has to know
how to solve problems
12
Performing a Task on the
Computer
• Determine Output
• Identify Input
• Determine process necessary to turn
given Input into desired Output
13
Problem-Solving: Approach
Like Algebra Problem
• How fast is a car traveling if it goes 50
miles in 2 hours?
• Output: a number giving the speed in
miles per hour
• Input: the distance and time the car has
traveled
• Process: speed = distance / time
14
Pictorial representation of the
Problem Solving Process
15
Program Planning
• A recipe is a good example of a plan

• Ingredients and amounts are
determined by what you want to
bake
• Ingredients are input
• The way you combine them is the
processing
• What is baked is the output
16
Program Planning (continued)
• Always have a plan before trying to

write a program.
• The more complicated the problem,
the more complex the plan must be.
• Planning and testing before coding
saves time.
17
1. Analyze: Define the problem.

2. Design: Plan the solution to the
problem.
3. Choose the interface: Select the
objects (text boxes, buttons, etc.).
18
(continued)
4. Code: Translate the algorithm into
a programming language.
5. Test and debug: Locate and
remove any errors in the program.
6. Complete the documentation:
Organize all the materials that
describe the program.
19
1.3 Programming Tools
• Flowcharts
• Pseudocode
• Hierarchy Chart
• Direction of Numbered NYC Streets
Algorithm
• Class Average Algorithm
20
Programming Tools
Three tools are used to convert algorithms into
computer programs:
•Flowchart - Graphically depicts the logical
steps to carry out a task and shows how the
steps relate to each other.
•Pseudocode - Uses English-like phrases with
some Visual Basic terms to outline the program.
•Hierarchy chart - Shows how the different
parts of a program relate to each other.
21
Algorithm
A step-by-step series of instructions for

solving a problem (a recipe is an example
of an algorithm).
22
Problem Solving Example
• How many stamps should you use when

mailing a letter?
• One rule of thumb is to use one stamp
for every five sheets of paper or fraction
thereof.
23
Algorithm
1. Request the number of sheets of paper;

call it Sheets. (input)
2. Divide Sheets by 5. (processing)
3. Round the quotient up to the next
highest whole number; call it Stamps.
(processing)
4. Reply with the number Stamps. (output)
24
Flowchart
Graphically depict the logical steps to carry

out a task and show how the steps relate
to each other.
25
Flowchart Symbols
26
Flowchart Symbols
(continued)
27
Flowchart
Example
28
Pseudocode
Uses English-like phrases with some

Visual Basic terms to outline the task.
29
Pseudocode Example
Determine the proper number of stamps for a

letter
Read Sheets (input)
Set the number of stamps to Sheets / 5
(processing)
Round the number of stamps up to the next
whole number (processing)
Display the number of stamps (output)
30
Hierarchy Chart
• Shows how the different parts of a program

relate to each other
Hierarchy charts are also called
• structure charts
• HIPO (Hierarchy plus Input-Process-Output)
charts
• top-down charts
• VTOC (Visual Table of Contents) charts
31
Hierarchy Charts Example
Obtain
32
Divide-and-Conquer Method
• Used in problem solving – take a large

problem and break it into smaller
problems
• Solve the small problems first
33
Statement Structures
• Sequence – execute instructions from one

line to the next without skipping over any
lines
• Decision - if the answer to a question is “Yes”
then one group of instructions is executed. If
the answer is “No,” then another is executed
• Looping – a series of instructions are
executed repeatedly
34
Sequence
Flow Chart
35
Decision Flow Chart
36
Direction of Numbered NYC
Streets Algorithm
• Problem: Given a street number of a
one-way street in New York City, decide
the direction of the street, either
eastbound or westbound
• Discussion: in New York City even
numbered streets are Eastbound, odd
numbered streets are Westbound
37
Flowchart
38
Pseudocode
Program: Determine the direction of a

numbered NYC street
Get street
If street is even Then
Display Eastbound
Else
Display Westbound
End If
39
Hierarchy Chart
40
Looping
Flow Chart
41
Class Average Algorithm
Problem: Calculate and report the average

grade for a class
Discussion: The average grade equals the sum
of all grades divided by the number of students
Input: Student grades
Processing: Find sum of the grades; count
number of students; calculate average
Output: Average grade
42
Flowchart
43
Pseudocode
Program: Determine average grade of a class
Initialize Counter and Sum to 0
Do While there are more data
Get the next Grade
Add the Grade to the Sum
Increment the Counter
Loop
Compute Average = Sum / Counter
Display Average
44
Hierarchy Chart
45
Comments
• When tracing a flowchart, begin at the start

symbol and follow the flow lines to the end
symbol.
• Testing an algorithm at the flowchart stage is
known as desk checking.
• Flowcharts, pseudocode, and hierarchy
charts are program planning tools that are
independent of the language being used.
46
Tips and Tricks of Flowcharts
• Flowcharts are time-consuming to write and

difficult to update
• For this reason, professional programmers
are more likely to favor pseudocode and
hierarchy charts
• Because flowcharts so clearly illustrate the
logical flow of programs, they are a valuable
tool in the education of programmers
47

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Chapter 1 - An Introduction to

Computers and Problem Solving

• Hardware – the physical components of

• Programmer – the person who solves the

Windows 7 Windows 8 Windows 10

• Performing a Task on the Computer

A computer program may also be called:

• Software refers to a collection of

• A recipe is a good example of a plan

• Always have a plan before trying to

1. Analyze: Define the problem.

A step-by-step series of instructions for

• How many stamps should you use when

1. Request the number of sheets of paper;

Graphically depict the logical steps to carry

Uses English-like phrases with some

Determine the proper number of stamps for a

• Shows how the different parts of a program

• Used in problem solving – take a large

• Sequence – execute instructions from one

Program: Determine the direction of a

Problem: Calculate and report the average

• When tracing a flowchart, begin at the start

• Flowcharts are time-consuming to write and

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