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    Enginnering Materials-Atomic Structure and Bonding

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    132 Arindam Datta
    1. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons surround the nucleus in discrete orbitals or electron clouds based on quantum numbers. 2. The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic structure. Elements can form ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds through electron interactions. 3. Ionic bonds involve electron transfer between atoms. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing. Metallic bonds involve delocalized valence electrons interacting with positive metal ions. Bond type influences material properties like melting point and conductivity.

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    Enginnering Materials-Atomic Structure and Bonding

    Uploaded by

    132 Arindam Datta
    15 views29 pages
    1. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons surround the nucleus in discrete orbitals or electron clouds based on quantum numbers. 2. The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic structure. Elements can form ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds through electron interactions. 3. Ionic bonds involve electron transfer between atoms. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing. Metallic bonds involve delocalized valence electrons interacting with positive metal ions. Bond type influences material properties like melting point and conductivity.

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    2. Enginnering Materials-Atomic Structure and Bonding

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    1. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons surround the nucleus in discrete orbitals or electron clouds based on quantum numbers. 2. The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic structure. Elements can form ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds through electron interactions. 3. Ionic bonds involve electron transfer between atoms. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing. Metallic bonds involve delocalized valence electrons interacting with positive metal ions. Bond type influences material properties like melting point and conductivity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    15 views29 pages

    Enginnering Materials-Atomic Structure and Bonding

    Uploaded by

    132 Arindam Datta
    1. Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrons surround the nucleus in discrete orbitals or electron clouds based on quantum numbers. 2. The periodic table organizes elements based on their atomic structure. Elements can form ionic, covalent, or metallic bonds through electron interactions. 3. Ionic bonds involve electron transfer between atoms. Covalent bonds involve electron sharing. Metallic bonds involve delocalized valence electrons interacting with positive metal ions. Bond type influences material properties like melting point and conductivity.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Engineering Materials

    Atoms and Bonding


    Atom
    • Consists of electron, proton and neutron.
    • Protons and neutrons remain in cluster called nucleus
    • Electrons surround the nucleus

    2
    Atom
    • Each atom is characterized by Atomic number which
    is the number of protons in the nucleus.
    • In a neutral atom number of electron is same as
    number of proton.
    • For a given element, number of proton for all atoms
    is same whereas number of neutron may vary.
    • Two atoms having same number of protons but
    different number of neutron are called isotopes of
    each other.

    3
    Atom
    • The atomic mass of a specific atom may be expressed
    as the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons
    within the nucleus.
    • The atomic weight of an element corresponds to the
    weighted average of the atomic masses of the atom’s
    naturally occurring isotopes.
    • Atomic mass unit (amu) may be used for
    computations of atomic weight
    • 1 amu is 1/12th atomic mass of the most common
    isotope of carbon

    4
    ELECTRONS IN ATOMS
    Atomic Models

    • Predicted by quantum mechanics


    • Bohr atomic model

    •Electron revolves around nucleus in discrete


    orbitals
    •Energy of electron is quantized

    5
    6
    Advancement in quantum mechanics

    • Wave Mechanics: Schrodinger equation.


    • Electron behaves like both particles and wave
    • Position of electron is given by probability of
    finding electron around nucleus at a given
    location (Called electron clouds)

    7
    8
    Quantum numbers
    • Principal quantum number (n)
    • Angular momentum quantum number
    (subshell) (l=0,1,2…n-1)
    • Magnetic quantum number (m=-l,..-1,0,1,..+l)
    • Spin quantum number (s=-1/2, +1/2)

    (n, l, m, s)
    Energy of electron can be caculated.
    9
    0 0
    0 0
    1 -1,0,+1
    0 0
    1 -1,0,+1
    2 2

    0 0
    1 -1,0,+1
    2 -2,-1,0,+1,+2
    3 -3,-2-1,0,1,2,3

    10
    11
    Electron Configurations
    • Pauli’s Exclusion Principle: This principle
    stipulates that each electron state can hold no
    more than two electrons.
    • Electrons fill up the lowest possible energy
    states in the electron shells and subshells, two
    electrons (having opposite spins) per state.
    • Atom having electrons with lowest possible
    energy states is called ground state

    12
    Electron Configurations
    • Valence electrons are those that occupy the
    outermost shell
    • Valence electrons participate in the bonding
    between atoms to form atomic and molecular
    aggregates
    • Many of the physical and chemical properties
    of solids are based on these valence electrons

    13
    The Periodic Table

    14
    The Periodic Table
    • Group 0 are the inert gases
    • The Group VIIA elements (F, Cl, Br, I, and At) are
    called the halogens
    • Groups IA and IIA are the alkali and the alkaline
    earth metals (Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, etc.)
    • Groups IIIB through IIB, are termed the
    transition metals, which have partially filled d
    electron states

    15
    • Groups IIIA, IVA, and VA (B, Si, Ge, As, etc.)
    display characteristics intermediate between
    the metals and nonmetals

    16
    Atomic Bonding in Solids

    Bond Length

    Bonding energy

    17
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS
    Ionic Bonding :
    • Generally formed of metals (IA,IIA,IIA) and
    non-metals (VA,VIA,VIIA)
    • Metal loose one electron from valence shell
    and being accepted by non-metal
    • Positive ion (cation) and negative ion (anion)
    attract each other by electrostatic attraction
    (Coulomb Force)

    18
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS
    Ionic Bonding :

    19
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS
    Ionic Bonding :
    • Solid at ambient temperature
    • Hard and brittle
    • Relatively high melting and boiling point
    • Conducts electricity as molten liquids or
    dissolved in water

    20
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS
    Covalent Bonding:
    • Generally between non-metal and non-metal
    • Sharing of electrons between atoms
    • Bonding between same element or element
    close to each other in periodic table

    21
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS
    Covalent Bonding:

    22
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS
    Covalent Bonding:
    • Low melting and boiling point
    • At ambient temperature may exists as solid,
    liquid or gas
    • Soft or brittle solids
    • Poor electrical and thermal conductivity

    23
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS
    • It is possible to have interatomic bonds that
    are partially ionic and partially covalent, and,
    in fact, very few compounds exhibit pure ionic
    or covalent bonding.
    • The degree of either bond type depends on
    the relative positions of the constituent atoms
    in the periodic table or the difference in their
    electronegativities

    24
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS
    Metallic Bonding:
    • Found in metals and their alloys
    • Valence electrons of metals can be modeled
    as sea of electrons
    • Metallic binding is attraction between free
    floating valence electrons and positive
    charged metal ions

    25
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS

    26
    PRIMARY INTERATOMIC BONDS
    Metallic Bonding:
    • High melting and boiling points
    • Conducts electricity and heat
    • Hard and dense
    • Ductile and malleable
    • Optical and magnetic properties

    27
    Secondary bonding/ Van der wall forces

    • Due to dipole
    • Between:
    Induced dipole-induced dipole
    Induced dipole-permanent dipole
    Permanent dipole-permanent dipole

    28
    Secondary bonding/ Van der wall forces

    Induced dipole

    Permanent dipole

    29

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