Homologous Series 05/02/23

Lesson objective: Key

 I will be able to name the three groups of the homologous word(s):
series Alkane
 Identify the functional groups for each member of the Alkene
homologous series Alcohol
 I will be able to write the general formula for each group of
the homologous series
 I will be able to draw and name members for each member of
the homologous series
Further Reference:
Cambridge IGCSE Coordinated Science: Pages 361-370
•Organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds. Carbon
has the ability to join to itself and form long chains, which form the basis of
life.
•Hydrocarbons contain Carbon, Hydrogen atoms only (1 mark)

Petroleum (or Crude oil) is a mixture of Hydrocarbons

•Crude oil is separated into its different fractions by fractional distillation

•This process separates the mixture of liquids by their different boiling
points
•The fraction with the lowest boiling point is separated first
•A Fraction is part of the mixture collected over a specific temperature
range
Bottled gas, heating and cooking

Fractional Distillation Column

Fuel (petrol) in cars

Feedstock for making chemicals

Or Kerosene used for Aviation fuel
Fuel in trucks with diesel engines
Used for ships
Used for waxes and polishes

Used for making roads

- Increasing •The boiling point and
boiling point. Carbon chain length
- Increasing increases as you go down
Intermolecular the column. A longer
forces of chain means more atoms
attraction. that results in a greater
- Increasing force of attraction
viscosity. between molecules and
therefore more energy
needed to separate them

•The different boiling

points is the property
that is used to separate
the different fractions
Covalent bond Covalent bond

Weak van der

Waals forces of
attraction
OR Any Carbon atom can have a
Intermolecular maximum of 4 bonds only
forces of attraction

(weakest force)
 Homologous Series

In each series the molecules have the same general formula & the same
functional group. The functional group is where the reactions take place.

Since each group has the

(i) same functional group
(ii) similar chemical properties

The addition of a CH2 meaning they will have slightly different physical
properties i.e.: increased boiling point
 Alkanes Alkenes Alcohols
1 Carbon No methene since
a C=C is needed
Meth-

2 Carbon
Eth-
3 Carbon
Prop-
4 Carbon
But-
General CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n+1OH
Formula  
 Name the alkanes, alkenes & alcohols

Alkane Alkene Alcohol

1 x C: Meth Methane NONE Methanol

2 x C: Eth Ethane Ethene Ethanol
3 x C: Prop Propane Propene Propanol
4 x C: But Butane Butene Butanol
 Alkane: CnH2n+2 Has NO functional group. They are SATURATED

Methane CH4 Ethane C 2 H6

Display Display
formula formula

Propane C3 H 8 Butane C4H10

 Alkene: CnH2n The functional group is the C=C (unsaturated)

Ethene C2H4 There can be only ONE C=C in any

alkene compound

Display
formula

Propene C3 H 8 Butene C4H10

 Alcohol: CnH2n+1OH. The functional group is the -OH

Methanol CH3OH Ethanol C2H5OH

Display
formula

Propanol C3H7OH Butanol C4H9OH

Drawing organic molecules

 Know the prefixes. Meth=1, Eth=2, Prop=3, But=4

 Draw the number of carbons in the chain
 Add the functional group. E.g. C=C, -O-H
 Put in the H, remembering carbon forms 4 bonds

e.g. Butanol “But” means 4 so draw 4 carbon in a chain

 
C-C-C-C now add the functional group, -O-H since alcohol
 
C-C-C-C-O-H and now put in the H around the C
Displayed Formula Structural formula

CH3 CH2CH2 CH2 OH

e.g. Propene “Prop” means 3 so draw 3 carbons in a chain
 
C-C-C Now add functional group C=C since alkene
 
C=C-C Now put in H remember C can only form 4 bonds
 
Displayed Formula Structural formula

CH2CHCH3
Alkanes
 
 General formula CnH2n+2
 They are saturated hydrocarbons, containing only carbon-carbon single
bonds
 They are generally unreactive but (i) can be burned, (ii) excellent fuels
 Combustion of Alkanes 05/02/23

Lesson objective: Key

 I will be able to write & balance the symbol equation for the word(s):
combustion for alkanes Balancing
equations

Starter: Name the functional group for:

1) Alcohol: -O-H
2) Alkane: None
3) Alkene: C=C

Further Reference:
Cambridge IGCSE Coordinated Science: Pages 361-370
 Combustion of Alkanes - Methane
 
Combustion- Complete combustion always forms CO2+ H2O
 
CH4 + O2  CO2 + H2O (not balanced)
 
This equation is always balanced in 3 stages
i. Carbon
ii. Hydrogen
iii. Finally count number of oxygen on right then balance on the left
 
CH4+ O2 CO2 + H2O (C already balanced)
CH4+ O2 CO2 + 2H2O (H now balanced, 4 O on right so 2O2)
 
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Balanced Equation
 Combustion of Alkanes - Ethane

Now let’s try for ethane C2H6 : (i) Carbon (ii) Hydrogen (iii) Oxygen
 
C 2 H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O (first balance C)
C 2 H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O (now balance H)
C 2 H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O (total of 7 O on right so…)
C 2 H6 + 3½O2  2CO2 + 3H2O (to get rid of ½ simply x2)
 
2C2H6 + 7O2 2CO2 + 3H2O Balanced equation
  
Incomplete combustion produces:
(i) Carbon monoxide CO
(ii) Carbon or soot, C
(iii) Water, H2O
 Combustion of Alkanes - Propane

C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O

i. Carbon first
ii. Then Hydrogen
iii. Finally count number of Oxygen on right then balance on the left

C3H8 + O2 3CO2 + H2O

C3H8 + O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O
 Combustion of Alkanes - Propane

C4H10 + O2 CO2 + H2O

i. Carbon first
ii. Then Hydrogen
iii. Finally count number of Oxygen on right then balance on the left

C4H10 + O2 4CO2 + H2O

C4H10 + O2 4CO2 + 5H2O
C4H10 + 6.5O2 4CO2 + 5H2O (to get rid of ½ simply x2)

2C4H10 + 13O2 8CO2 + 10H2O

 Alkene Additions 05/02/23

Lesson objective(s): Key

 I will be able to describe the Bromine water test including the word(s):
colour changes Hydrogenati
on
 I will be able to write the equations for Hydrogenation of
Hydration
alkenes including the reaction conditions
 I will be able to write the equations for the Hydration of
alkenes including the reaction conditions
Starter: Name the functional group for:
1) Define the homologous series
 Similar chemical properties
 Same functional group
Physical properties change by an increase in the –CH2

Further Reference:
Cambridge IGCSE Coordinated Science: Pages 361-370
 Alkenes
 
 Functional group C=C
 The C=C means that the molecule is unsaturated
 Reactions take place by addition across the double bond
 
 When showing reactions of alkenes it is sometimes easier to change the
shape so we can see how it reacts easier. For example, ethene can be
represented in these 3 ways below:
 (i) Alkenes - Bromination

 e.g. Adding Bromine water across the double bond)

+
(Orange)

1,2 – dibromoethane
(colourless)
• Alkenes will decolourise bromine water (orange to colourless)
• This is a test for alkenes or any unsaturated hydrocarbon (a double bond
between TWO Carbon atoms)
 Alkanes – No Bromination

Adding Bromine water across the single bond)

+ No reaction. Orange colour.

(orange)

• Alkanes = no reaction
• Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons. (a single bond between TWO
Carbon atoms)
• Alkenes will decolourise
bromine water (Brown to
colourless)

• This is a test for alkenes or any

unsaturated hydrocarbon
 (ii) Alkenes - Hydrogenation

 Adding H2 or H-H across the double bond

 The alkene forms an alkane or an unsaturated hydrocarbon forms a
saturated hydrocarbon

150OC

 Manufacture Margarine from vegetable oils

 (iii) Alkenes – Hydration (make industrial alcohol)
A.k.a. Catalytic addition

 Adding H2O or H-O-H across the double bond to form an alcohol

 Ethane + steam → Ethanol
 Conditions - Phosphoric acid catalyst, 3000C, 60 ATM pressure

 The reverse of this reaction is dehydration (removing water)

 Concentrated sulfuric acid, H2SO4 is a dehydrating agent and will remove
water from an alcohol to form the corresponding alkene
 Combustion of Alkene - Ethene

Ethene + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

C2H4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Balance in the following order (i) C, (ii) H, (iii) O

(i) C2H4(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(ii) C2H4(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(iii) C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
 Combustion of Alkene - Propene

Ethene + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

C3H6(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Balance in the following order (i) C, (ii) H, (iii) O

(i) C3H6(g) + O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(ii) C3H6(g) + O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
(iii) C3H6(g) + 4½ O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
Cannot have a ½ so multiply by x2
2C3H6(g) + 9O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(g)
 Combustion of Alkene - Butene

Ethene + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

C4H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Balance in the following order (i) C, (ii) H, (iii) O

(i) C4H8(g) + O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(ii) C4H8(g) + O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
(iii) C4H8(g) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
 Alcohols

Fermentation – is a process whereby sugar is turned into alcohol.

 
 Enzymes in the yeast control the reaction and so it has an optimum
reaction temperature of 370C
 
 The reaction stops when (i) the sugar is used up or (ii) when the alcohol
reaches 14% as at this strength the alcohol kills the yeast.
 
 Stop air entering the reaction mixture since the yeast respires
anaerobically to produce ethanol. In the presence of air the alcohol will
be oxidised turning it to a carboxylic acid. e.g.: ethanol is oxidised to
ethanoic acid.
 Fermentation by Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic Respiration
- Glucose
- Water
- Yeast
- 37OC AIRLOCK

 The limewater in the airlock will

turn milky showing CO2 is given off
in the reaction
 
 The rate of the reaction can be
measured by counting the number
of bubbles given off in time taken
Comparing the different methods of making ethanol
Process Conditions Advantages Disadvantages
Hydration Phosphoric acid Quick Method Ethene has to be
Catalytic addition of catalyst produced from the
ethene and steam 300OC Only one product natural resource
60 ATM pressure with high yield petroleum

Purer, no need to High temperature &

separate using pressure needed
distillation leading to higher
cost of production

Fermentation Glucose, Yeast, Glucose is a Low Yield

Water renewable resource
37OC Low Temperature Distillation needed
to get pure ethanol
 Combustion of Alcohol - Methanol

Methanol + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

CH3OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Balance in the following order (i) C, (ii) H, (iii) O

(i) CH3OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(ii) CH3OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
(iii) CH3OH(l) + 1½O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Cannot have a ½ so multiply by x2
2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
 Combustion of Alcohol - Ethanol

Ethanol + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Balance in the following order (i) C, (ii) H, (iii) O

(i) C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(ii) C2H5OH(l) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
(iii) C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(g)
 Combustion of Alcohol - Propanol

Propanol + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water

C3H7OH(l) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)

Balance in the following order (i) C, (ii) H, (iii) O

(i) C3H7OH(l) + O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + H2O(g)

(ii) C3H7OH(l) + O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
(iii) C3H7OH(l) + 4½O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Cannot have a ½ so multiply by x2
2C3H7OH(l) + 9O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 8H2O(g)