Chapter 7: Circuits

Analysis in the
frequency domain
Reading: Chapter 14
Frequency Response, Alexander-Sadiku
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits

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 Frequency Response
Chapter 14

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Transfer Function
14.3 Series Resonance
14.4 Parallel Resonance
14.5 Passive Filters

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 14.1 Introduction (1)
What is FrequencyResponse of a Circuit?

It is the variation in a circuit’s

behavior with change in signal
frequency and may also be
considered as the variation of the gain
and phase with frequency.
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 14.2 Transfer Function (1)
• The transfer function H(ω) of a circuit is the
frequency-dependent ratio of a phasor output
Y(ω) (an element voltage or current ) to a phasor
input X(ω) (source voltage or current).

Y( )
H( )   | H( ) | 
X( )
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 14.2 Transfer Function (2)
• Four possible transfer functions:
Vo ( ) Vo ( )
H( )  Voltage gain  H( )  Transfer Impedance 
Vi ( ) Ii ( )

Y( )
H ( )   | H( ) | 
X( )

I o ( ) I o ( )
H( )  Current gain  H( )  Transfer Admittance 
I i ( ) Vi ( )

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 14.2 Transfer Function (3)
Example 1

For the RC circuit shown below, obtain the transfer

function Vo/Vs and its frequency response.
Let vs = Vmcosωt.

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 14.2 Transfer Function (4)
Solution:

The transfer function is

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V jC 1
H ( )  o  
Vs R  1/ j C 1  j RC
,
1
The magnitude is H( ) 
1  ( / o ) 2


The phase is    tan 1
o
Low Pass Filter
o  1/RC 7
 14.2 Transfer Function (5)
Example 2

Obtain the transfer function Vo/Vs of the RL circuit

shown below, assuming vs = Vmcosωt. Sketch its
frequency response.

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 14.2 Transfer Function (6)
Solution:
Vo j L 1
H( )   
The transfer function is Vs R  j L 1  R
j L

High Pass Filter

, 1
H ( ) 
The magnitude is 
1  ( o )2


The phase is   90  tan 1
o
o  R/L 9
Example
Exercise

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Example

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Exercise

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 14.3 Series Resonance (1)
Resonance is a condition in an RLC circuit in which
the capacitive and inductive reactance are equal in
magnitude, thereby resulting in purely resistive
impedance.

Resonance frequency:
1
o  rad/s or
LC
1
1 fo  Hz
Z  R  j ( L  ) 2 LC
C
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 14.3 Series Resonance (2)

The features of series resonance:

1
Z  R  j ( L  )
C
The impedance is purely resistive, Z = R;
• The supply voltage Vs and the current I are in phase, so
cos  = 1;
• The magnitude of the transfer function H(ω) = Z(ω) is
minimum;
• The inductor voltage and capacitor voltage can be much
more than the source voltage.

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 14.3 Series Resonance (3)
Bandwidth B
The frequency response of the
1
resonance circuit current is Z  R  j ( L 
C
)

Vm
I | I |
R 2  ( L  1 /  C) 2

The average power absorbed

by the RLC circuit is 1 2
P( )  IR
2

The highest power dissipated 1 Vm2

occurs at resonance:
P(o ) 
2 R 42
 14 3 Series Resonance (4)
Half-power frequencies ω1 and ω2 are frequencies at which the
dissipated power is half the maximum value:

1 (Vm / 2 ) 2 Vm2
P(1 )  P(2 )  
2 R 4R
The half-power frequencies can be obtained by setting Z
equal to √2 R.
R R 1 R R 1
1    ( )2  2   ( )2   o  1 2
2L 2L LC 2L 2L LC

Bandwidth B B  2  1
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 14.3 Series Resonance (5)
Peak energy stored in the circuit o L 1
Quality factor, Q  
Energy dissipated by the circuit R o CR
in one period at resonance

The relationship R o
between the B, Q B   o2 CR
L Q
and ωo:

• The quality factor is the ratio of its

resonant frequency to its bandwidth.
• If the bandwidth is narrow, the
quality factor of the resonant circuit
must be high.
• If the band of frequencies is wide,
the quality factor must be low.
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 14.3 Series Resonance (6)
Example 3

A series-connected circuit has R = 4 Ω

and L = 25 mH.
a. Calculate the value of C that will produce a
quality factor of 50.
b. Find ω1 and ω2, and B.
c. Determine the average power dissipated at ω
= ωo, ω1, ω2. Take Vm= 100V.

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 14.4 Parallel Resonance (1)

It occurs when imaginary part of Y is zero

1 1
Y   j ( C  )
R L

Resonance frequency:

1 1
o  rad/s or f o  Hz
LC 2 LC 46
 14.4 Parallel Resonance (2)
Summary of series and parallel resonance circuits:
characteristic Series circuit Parallel circuit
ωo 1 1
LC LC
Q ωo L
or
1 R
or o RC
R ωo RC o L

B o o
Q Q

ω1, ω2 1 2  1 2 o
o 1  ( )  o o 1  ( ) 
2Q 2Q 2Q 2Q

Q ≥ 10, ω1, ω2 o 
B
o 
B
2 2

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 14.4 Parallel Resonance (3)
Example 4

Calculate the resonant frequency of the

circuit in the figure shown below.

Answer:   19  2.179 rad/s

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 14.5 Passive Filters (1)
• A filter is a circuit
that is designed to
Low Pass
pass signals with
desired frequencies
and reject or
attenuate others. High Pass

• Passive filter consists

of only passive Band Pass
element R, L and C.

• There are four types Band Stop

of filters.
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 14.5 Passive Filters (2)
Example 5

For the circuit in the figure below, obtain the transfer function
Vo(ω)/Vi(ω). Identify the type of filter the circuit represents
and determine the corner frequency. Take R1=100=R2
and L =2mH.

Answer:   25 krad/s
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Active filters

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Active filters

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Active filters

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Active filters

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Active filters

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Active filters

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Active filters
Active filters
Exercise

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Question 5: (2.0/10) Given the filter as follow with Ri = 1kΩ; Rf =
9kΩ; R = 100Ω; Cf = 1µF;
a)Find transfer function
b)Plot Bode diagram (magnitude and phase vs. frequency)
Question 5: (2.0/10) Given the filter as follow with R = 1kΩ; Rf =
1kΩ; C = 1µF;
•Find transfer function
•Plot Bode diagram (magnitude vs. frequency and phase vs.
frequency)

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