Lecture 3

Various Systems of Power Transmission
 transmission of electric power, 3-phase, 3-wire

a.c. system is universally adopted
 However, other systems can also be used for
transmission under special circumstances.
 The different possible systems of transmission
are :
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Con’d
1. D.C. system 2. Single-phase A.C. system
(i) D.C. two-wire. (i) Single-phase two-wire.
(ii) D.C. two-wire with mid-point earthed. (ii) Single-phase two-wire with mid-point
(iii) D.C. three-wire. earthed.

(iii) Single-phase three-wire
3. Two-phase A.C. system 4. Three-phase A.C. system

(i) Two-phase four-wire. (i) Three-phase three-wire.
(ii) Two-phase three wire (ii) Three-phase four-wire
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Con’d
•From the above possible systems of power transmission, it is difficult to say which
is the best system unless and until some method of comparison is adopted
•the cost of conductor material is one of the most important charges in a system.
•Obviously, the best system for transmission of power is that for which the volume
of conductor material required is minimum.
•Therefore, the volume of conductor material required forms the basis of
comparison between different systems.
•While comparing the amount of conductor material required in various systems,
the proper comparison shall be on the basis of equal maximum stress on the
dielectric.
•There are two cases for transmission of power in terms of construction:
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i. When transmission is by overhead system
•the maximum disruptive

stress exists between the
conductor and the earth.
•As a result, the comparison
of the system has to be
made on the basis of
maximum voltage between
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conductor and earth.
In overhead system:
•insulation between conductors whether at the supports or
intermediate points is always provided by suitably spacing
the conductors.
•Therefore, electric discharge cannot occur between
conductors.
•However, the insulation has to be provided between the
conductor and supporting structure. Therefore, maximum
stress is between conductor and earth.
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(ii) When transmission is by underground system
• Chief stress on the insulation is between conductors.

•Therefore, the comparison of the systems in this case should be made on the
basis of maximum potential difference between conductors.
Comparison of Conductor Material in Overhead System
•In comparing the relative amounts of conductor material necessary for different
systems of transmission, similar conditions will be assumed in each case
same power (P watts) transmitted by each system.
 the distance (l metres) over which power is transmitted remains the
same.
 the line losses (W watts) are the same in each case.
 the maximum voltage between any conductor and earth (Vm) is the
same in each case. 6
1. Two-wire d.c. system with one conductor earthed
It has two wire

One outgoing or positive wire
Returning path or negative
The load is connected between the two ends
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It is a usual practice to make this system as the basis for comparison with other
systems.
Therefore, volume of conductor material required in this system shall be taken as
the basic quantity i.e.
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2. Two-wire d.c. system with mid-point earthed
The maximum voltage between any conductor and earth

is Vm
 maximum voltage between conductors is 2Vm.
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Hence, the volume of conductor material required in this system is one-
fourth of that required in a two-wire d.c. system with one conductor earthed.
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3. Three-wire d.c. system
two outers conductors

 a middle or neutral wire which is earthed at the generator end
If the load is balanced, the current in the neutral wire is zero
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Hence the volume of conductor material required in this system
is (5/16)th of what is required for a 2-wire d.c. system with one
conductor earthed.
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4. Single phase 2-wire a.c. system with one conductor earthed
The maximum voltage between conductors is Vm

V m
 r.m.s. value of voltage between them is 2
 Assuming the load power factor to be cos φ,
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5. Single phase 2-wire system with mid-point earthed
The two wires possess equal and opposite

voltages to earth (i.e., Vm).
the maximum voltage between the two wires
is 2Vm
The r.m.s. value of voltage between
conductors is
Assuming the power factor of the

load to be cos φ,
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Hence the volume of
conductor material required in
this system is
1/2 cos2 φ times that of 2-wire
d.c. system with one conductor
earthed
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6. Single phase, 3-wire system
The system consists of two outers and neutral wire taken

from the mid-point of the phase winding
 If the load is balanced, the current through the neutral wire
is zero.
 Assuming balanced load,
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7. Two phase, 4-wire a.c. system
•The four wires are taken from the ends of the two-phase windings
•The mid-points of the two windings are connected together.
•This system can be considered as two independent single phase systems,
each transmitting one half of the total power
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8. Two-phase, 3-wire system
•The third or neutral wire is taken from the junction of two-phase windings whose
voltages are in quadrature with each other.
•Obviously, each phase transmits one half of the total power.
•The R.M.S. voltage between outgoing conductor and neutral is
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9. 3-Phase, 3-wire system
This system is almost universally adopted for transmission of electric power.

The 3-phase, 3-wire system may be star connected or delta connected.
The neutral point N is earthed.
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10. 3-phase, 4-wire system.
In this case, 4th or neutral wire is taken from the neutral point
 The area of X-section of the neutral wire is generally one-half that of the line conductor.
If the loads are balanced, then current through the neutral wire is zero.
 Assuming balanced loads and p.f. of the load as cos φ,
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Various Systems of Power Transmission

 transmission of electric power, 3-phase, 3-wire

1. D.C. system 2. Single-phase A.C. system

(i) D.C. two-wire. (i) Single-phase two-wire.

(iii) D.C. three-wire. earthed.

3. Two-phase A.C. system 4. Three-phase A.C. system

•the maximum disruptive

• Chief stress on the insulation is between conductors.

Comparison of Conductor Material in Overhead System

It has two wire

The maximum voltage between any conductor and earth

 maximum voltage between conductors is 2Vm.

two outers conductors

The maximum voltage between conductors is Vm

 r.m.s. value of voltage between them is 2

 Assuming the load power factor to be cos φ,

The two wires possess equal and opposite

Assuming the power factor of the

The system consists of two outers and neutral wire taken

This system is almost universally adopted for transmission of electric power.

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