Maths PPT 1-1

MATHEMATICS PROJECT

COMPLEX

NUMBERS
Introduction:
In 16th-century, The Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano is

credited with introducing complex numbers—in his attempts to find
solutions to cubic equations. A complex number whose real part is
zero is said to be purely imaginary, and the points for these numbers
lie on the vertical axis of the complex plane.
Definition:
A complex number is a number that can be expressed

in the form a + bi, where a and b are real numbers,
and i represents the imaginary unit, satisfying the
equation i² = −1.
Because no real number satisfies this equation, i is

called an imaginary number.
For a quadratic equation :

x2+1=0
The roots are, x=±√-1

or
x=±i
In equation, ax2+bx+c=0

Discriminant D= b2-4ac < 0 , is not possible in system of real numbers.
So a number z=a+ib [a,b ∈ R] called a complex number is introduced here.
Examples:

2+3i, -1+i√3 , 4+i(-1/11)

In Z=a+ib
a Real part(Denoted by ReZ)
b Imaginary part(Denoted by ImZ)
Equality of complex numbers:

Two complex numbers Z1=a1+ib1 & Z2= a2+ib2 are said to be equal
if a1=a2 &b1=b2.

Example:
Given 4x+i(3x-y)=3+i(-6).Find the values of x & y.
Solution:
We
know
that,

a1=4x;a2=3

b 1=(3x-y);b2=-6
On solving we get
X=3/4 & y=33/4
Sub Topics:
1) Algebra of
2) Power of I.
complex numbers.
3) Square root of 4) Modulus and

negative real conjugate of complex
numbers. numbers.
5) Argand plane and

polar representation.

Brief Description:
Algebra of complex numbers:
Given two complex numbers : Z1=a1+ib1 Z2=a2+ib2

Z1+Z2

Z1+Z2 = (a1+a2)+i(b1+b2)
The above addition follows,

1. Closure law
2. Commutative law
3. Associative law
4. Additive identity
5. Additive inverse
Z1-Z2

Z1-Z2 = Z1 + (-Z2)

(Z1)( Z2)

Z1Z2 = (a1a2 – b1b2) + i(a1b2 + a2b1)
The above multiplication follows:

• Closure law
• Commutative law
• Associative law
• Multiplicative identity
• Multiplicative inverse
• Distributive law
Z1/Z2

Z1/Z2 = Z1*(1/Z2)
note: Here Z2 ≠ 0
Problems:
• If z1 = 6+3i & z2 = 2-I, find z1 – z2

Sol: z1 – z2 = (6+3i) – (2-i)
= (6+3i) + (-2+i)
= 4+4i
• If z1 = 6+3i & z2 = 2-I, find z1/z2

Sol: z1/z2 = (6+3i)*(1/(2-i))
= (6+3i)*(1/(2-i)*(2+i)/(2+i))
= (6+3i)*(2+i/4-i2)
= (12/5 – 3/5) + i(6/5 + 6/5)…
(Using (z1,z2) )
= 1/5 (9 + 12i)
Power of i:
In general for any integer ‘k’
• I4k = 1
• I4k+1 = i
• I4k+2 = -1
• I4k+3 = -i

Problems:
Find i3,i4,i-3,i-2
Sol:
• I3 = i2(i) (We know that i2 = -1)
= -i
• I4 =( i2)2
= (-1)2
= 1
• I-3 = 1/i3
= 1/-i * i/i
= +i
• I-2 = 1/i2
= 1/-1
= -1

Square roots of negative real numbers:
From the equation :
X2 + 1 = 0

The square root of -1 are i & -i
i and –i are both solutions of the above equation.
Now, We know that, √a * √b = √ab when a<0, b<0 (or) a>0,b>0
What if a<0 and b<0?

note: i2 = √-1 * √-1 = √ (-1)(-1) = √1 = 1 (by assuming √a * √b = √ab),which is a
contradiction to i2 = -1
Therefore √a * √b ≠ √ab If a,b<0.
Further if ‘a’ or ‘b’ is 0, then, √a * √b = √ab = 0.

Identities:
• ( Z1 + Z2)2 = Z12 + Z22 + 2(Z1)(Z2)
• ( Z1 +(-Z2))2 = Z12 + Z22 + 2(Z1)(-Z2)
• ( Z1 + Z2)3 = Z13 + Z23 + 3 Z1 Z22 + 3 Z12 Z2
• ( Z1 - Z2)3 = Z13 - Z23 - 3 Z12 Z2+ 3 Z1 Z22
• (Z12 - Z22) = ( Z1 + Z2) ( Z1 - Z2)

Modulus and conjugate of a complex number:
• Modulus of Z:

|Z| = √a2 + b2 (non-negative real number)
• Conjugate of Z:
= a – ib (again a complex number)
Now,
Z = a + ib
Z-1= 1/a+ib
Z-1 = a/a2+b2 + i(-b/ a2+b2)
Z-1 = a – ib/ a2+b2
Z-1 = /|Z|2
or Z = |Z|2 .

Argand plane and Polar representation:
The complex number x=iy which corresponds to the ordered pair (x,y) can
be represented geometrically as a unique point P(x,y) in the (x-y) plane.
Example:
Represent (2+4i),(-2+3i),(0+i),(-5-2i) and (1-2i) in argand plane.
Solution:
The above complex numbers correspond to the ordered pair (2+4),

(-2+3),(0+1),(-5-2) and (1-2).
The ordered pairs are represented as
A,B,C,D & E are plotted respectively.
The plane having a complex number

assigned to each of its point is called
Argand Plane.
In argand plane, the modulus of complex
number x+iy = √x2+y2 is the distance
between the point P(x,y) and origin
o(0,0).
Points on x-axis corresponds to complex
number a+i0(Real axis)
Points on y-axis corresponds to complex
number 0+ib(Imaginary axis)
Representation of a complex number z
= x+iy & its conjugate:
z = x+iy in the argand plane are
respectively the points P(x,y) &
Q (x,-y).
Geometrically point (x,-y) is the mirror of

the point (x,y) on real axis.
Polar representation:
In a non-zero complex number
z = x+iy, The point P is uniquely determined by the
ordered pair of real numbers (r, θ) called polar
coordinates of point P.
Now we have, x = rcosθ y = rsinθ

Z = r(cosθ + isinθ) [polar form of complex
number]
And here,
r = |z| = √x2 + y2
θ = Argument of Z (argZ) (0≤θ<2π)
Applications of complex numbers:
In Electronics:
The state of circuit element is described by two real numbers(voltage v and current I). But it also has
capacitance ‘c’ and inductance ‘L’.

These are described by complex numbers.
Example: w = c + iL
Where, w is complex number

C is capacitance (real part)
L is inductance (imaginary part)

In computer science:
Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT)
• Algorithm in computer science

• Image processing
• Digital communication
• Signal processing

In a given sequence of numbers
x0,x2,……,xN-1, the DFT is defined as

• Representation of 3D Rotations:
Quaternions is the number system that extends
the complex numbers.
• Quaternion Multiplication:
X 1 i j k
1 1 i j k
i i -1 k -j
j j -k -1 i
k k j -i -1
w = k, jk = I, ki = j, also i2 =j2 = k2 = -1

when rotation s are represented with Quaternions becomes
much easier to smoothly interpolate one rotation to another.
Summary:
Key Concepts:
 The square root of any negative number can be written as a multiple of i.

 To plot a complex number, we use two number lines, crossed to form the complex plane.
 The horizontal axis is the real axis, and the vertical axis is the imaginary axis.
 Complex numbers can be added and subtracted by combining the real parts and
combining the imaginary parts.
 Complex numbers can be multiplied and divided.
 To multiply complex numbers, distribute just as with polynomials.
 To divide complex numbers, multiply both the numerator and denominator by the
complex conjugate of the denominator to eliminate the complex number from the
denominator.
 The powers of i are cyclic, repeating every fourth one.
Creators,
Gugan.M
Jeevanandham.H
Karthick.S
Lisha.V
Manikandan.M
Manivannan.C

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In 16th-century, The Italian mathematician Gerolamo Cardano is

A complex number is a number that can be expressed

Because no real number satisfies this equation, i is

The roots are, x=±√-1

So a number z=a+ib [a,b ∈ R] called a complex number is introduced here.

Equality of complex numbers:

3) Square root of 4) Modulus and

5) Argand plane and

Given two complex numbers : Z1=a1+ib1 Z2=a2+ib2

The above addition follows,

The above multiplication follows:

• If z1 = 6+3i & z2 = 2-I, find z1 – z2

• If z1 = 6+3i & z2 = 2-I, find z1/z2

From the equation :

What if a<0 and b<0?

Therefore √a * √b ≠ √ab If a,b<0.

Further if ‘a’ or ‘b’ is 0, then, √a * √b = √ab = 0.

• ( Z1 + Z2)2 = Z12 + Z22 + 2(Z1)(Z2)

• ( Z1 +(-Z2))2 = Z12 + Z22 + 2(Z1)(-Z2)

• ( Z1 + Z2)3 = Z13 + Z23 + 3 Z1 Z22 + 3 Z12 Z2

• ( Z1 - Z2)3 = Z13 - Z23 - 3 Z12 Z2+ 3 Z1 Z22

• (Z12 - Z22) = ( Z1 + Z2) ( Z1 - Z2)

= a – ib (again a complex number)

Represent (2+4i),(-2+3i),(0+i),(-5-2i) and (1-2i) in argand plane.

The above complex numbers correspond to the ordered pair (2+4),

The plane having a complex number

Geometrically point (x,-y) is the mirror of

Now we have, x = rcosθ y = rsinθ

Where, w is complex number

Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT)

• Algorithm in computer science

w = k, jk = I, ki = j, also i2 =j2 = k2 = -1

 The square root of any negative number can be written as a multiple of i.

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