Vitalsigns 180617200506

VITAL SIGNS
LEONARDO C. MARTICION, RM,BSM

MIDWIFE II
“Temperature, Pulse, Respiration and Blood
Pressure are the vital signs, these are also
called as cardinal signs.”
When to assess vital signs-
 On the patient admission.

 During physical examination.
 Before and after any invasive diagnostic or
surgical procedure.
 Monitoring during recovery.
 Before and after medications that affect
cardiovascular or respiratory functions.
 In any emergency medical condition.
Body Temperature
Body Temperature is the balance

between heat produced and heat lost by
the body.
Normal range of body temperature (Adults)-
Body region Temperature(oC) Temperature(oF)
Oral / Tympanic 37 98.6
Rectal 37.6 99.6
Axillary 36.4 97.6

FORMULA OF CONVERTING
TEMPERATURE UNIT-
TYPES OF THERMOMETER-
A. Glass thermometer- Mercury glass

thermometer is used for measuring oral,
rectal, and axillary temperature. It takes
about 2-8 min for accurate result.
B. Electronic thermometer- It is used to
measure oral, axillary and rectal temperature.
It takes about 2 min to 30 seconds for
accurate reading.
C. Disposable thermometer- It is a chemical
thermometer. Colour of chemical unit changes
to specific temperature. It takes about 60
seconds for accurate reading.
D. Tympanic Thermometer- It is used to
measure ear temperature/ tympanic
temperature. It takes about 2-3 seconds for
accurate reading.
FEVER
Body temperature above than normal is called as fever or
hyperthermia. The person having fever is indicated as
febrile.
Fevers can be categorised in different ways-
a. Low grade fever - above 37.1oC but below
38.2oC .
b. High grade fever - above 38.2oC.
c. Hyperpyrexia - Higher than 40oC
d. Intermittent fever- Alternate febrile episodes
with periods of normal
temperature.
e. Remittent fever-
Continuous fever but
variations throughout a
day.
METHODS OF MEASURING BODY
TEMPERATURE
METHODS INDICATIONS CONTRAINDICATIONS
ORAL Conscious and alert Children below 5 years of age
METHOD patients, Unconscious patients
Cooperative patients. Oral infections
Tachypnoea
RECTAL Unconscious patients Haemmorrhoids
METHOD Mouth breathers Rectal surgery
Children Rectal fissures
Tachypnoeic patients
Axillary Most preferrable Least accurate
method Time consuming
Method Infants and
young
children
PULSE
The pulse is an index of the heart’s rate and
rhythm. Pulse provides valuable data about
person’s cardiovascular status.
DEFINITIONS-
“The pulse is a wave of blood created by

contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.”
Sites of monitoring pulse-
There are 9 sites where pulse can be commonly
taken. These are-
1. Temporal-
2. Carotid-
3. Apical-
4. Brachial-
5. Radial-
6. Femoral-
7. Popliteal-
8. Posterior tibial-
9. Dorsal pedis-
PULSE RANGE-
 Normal pulse rate varies depending on age.

For a healthy adult the normal resting pulse
ranges from 60-100 beats per minute.
Tacahycardia- An abnormal rapid heart rate
over 100 beats/min.
Bradycardia- An abnormal slow heart rate
below 60 beats/min.
 Bounding- Strong full force pulse.
Thready/ weak- Difficult to palpate, a pulse
of diminished strength.
 Absent- No palpable pulse.
Irregular- When interval varies between
pulse.
Bigeminal pulse- A regular irregular pulse
accuring with premature beats.
Dicrotic- A split or double pulse beat the
second being weaker than first.
RESPIRATION
* Respiration is the process of bringing oxygen
to body tissues and removing carbon di
oxide from it. The lungs play a major role in
this process.
* Respiration is the act of breathing which
refers to two process-
1. External respiration
2. Internal respiration
Characteristics of respiration-
1. Respiration rate: It indicates the number

of times the person breathes in and out in
one minute.
2. Depth: It is estimated by observing the
movement of chest during inspiration,
which may be deep or shallow.
3. Rhythm: It indicate the equal
interval between two respiration.
Normal respiration-
Normal respiration is autonomic, effortless, and
regular. The normal adult rate of respiration is
generally ranged between 14-20
breaths/minutes.
How to take respiratory rate-

Place the patient arm in relaxed position across
his abdomen and place your hand on the
patient’s arm. Now observe complete
respiratory cycle (Inspiration + expiration).
SOME TERMS OF RESPIRATION-
 Tachypnoea- An increased respiratory rate more

than 24 breath/min.
 Bradypnoea- A decreased respiratory rate less

than 10 breath/min.
 Apnoea- Total cessation of breathing or

respiratory rate.
 Hyperapnoea- Increase in the depth of

respiration.
BLOOD PRESSURE (BP)
BLOOD PRESSURE is the force exerted by the

blood against the vessels walls (arterial wall)
which is measured in millimeter of mercury
(mmHg).
Blood pressure measurements includes
systolic and diastolic pressures-
Systolic pressure- The maximal pressure

exerted on the arteries during contraction of
left ventricles of heart.
Diastolic pressure- The amount of pressure

exerted on the arterial wall with the ventricles
at rest.
Methods of measuring blood pressure (BP)-
1. Direct method- An oscilloscope is used for

this method. This is a continuous method
which measures mean pressures. A needle or
catheter is inserted into the brachial, radial or
femoral artery and oscilloscope displays
arterial pressure in wave form.
Indirect method- Taking blood pressure by using
sphygnomanometer. Following types of
measuring device is available-
1. Mercury manometer
2. Aneroid manometer
3. Electronic BP device
Normal blood pressure in an adult varies
between 100 to 140 mm of Hg systolic and 60
to 90 mm of Hg diastolic but BP may vary
widely depending on individuals other factors.
Creativity is a habit, and the best
creativity is the result of good
work
habits.

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VITAL SIGNS

LEONARDO C. MARTICION, RM,BSM

 On the patient admission.

Body Temperature is the balance

Body region Temperature(oC) Temperature(oF)

Oral / Tympanic 37 98.6

Rectal 37.6 99.6

Axillary 36.4 97.6

A. Glass thermometer- Mercury glass

“The pulse is a wave of blood created by

 Normal pulse rate varies depending on age.

1. Respiration rate: It indicates the number

How to take respiratory rate-

 Tachypnoea- An increased respiratory rate more

 Bradypnoea- A decreased respiratory rate less

 Apnoea- Total cessation of breathing or

 Hyperapnoea- Increase in the depth of

BLOOD PRESSURE is the force exerted by the

Systolic pressure- The maximal pressure

Diastolic pressure- The amount of pressure

1. Direct method- An oscilloscope is used for

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