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    MA111 WK 4 Lec 1

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    Joseph Faleafaga
    This document discusses determinants of matrices, including: - The definition of the determinant of a 2x2 matrix and examples of calculating determinants. - Minors and cofactors of matrices and examples of calculating them. - Using cofactor expansion to calculate determinants of matrices of any size. - An alternative method for calculating 3x3 determinants by adding and subtracting products. - Properties of triangular and diagonal matrices and examples of calculating their determinants. - An exercise asking to calculate determinants of two matrices using cofactor expansion.

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    MA111 WK 4 Lec 1

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Faleafaga
    17 views16 pages
    This document discusses determinants of matrices, including: - The definition of the determinant of a 2x2 matrix and examples of calculating determinants. - Minors and cofactors of matrices and examples of calculating them. - Using cofactor expansion to calculate determinants of matrices of any size. - An alternative method for calculating 3x3 determinants by adding and subtracting products. - Properties of triangular and diagonal matrices and examples of calculating their determinants. - An exercise asking to calculate determinants of two matrices using cofactor expansion.

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    MA111 wk 4 lec 1

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    This document discusses determinants of matrices, including: - The definition of the determinant of a 2x2 matrix and examples of calculating determinants. - Minors and cofactors of matrices and examples of calculating them. - Using cofactor expansion to calculate determinants of matrices of any size. - An alternative method for calculating 3x3 determinants by adding and subtracting products. - Properties of triangular and diagonal matrices and examples of calculating their determinants. - An exercise asking to calculate determinants of two matrices using cofactor expansion.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    17 views16 pages

    MA111 WK 4 Lec 1

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Faleafaga
    This document discusses determinants of matrices, including: - The definition of the determinant of a 2x2 matrix and examples of calculating determinants. - Minors and cofactors of matrices and examples of calculating them. - Using cofactor expansion to calculate determinants of matrices of any size. - An alternative method for calculating 3x3 determinants by adding and subtracting products. - Properties of triangular and diagonal matrices and examples of calculating their determinants. - An exercise asking to calculate determinants of two matrices using cofactor expansion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 16

    MA111: CALCULUS I & LINEAR

    ALGEBRA

    Week 4 : Lecture 1

    1
    3.1 The determinant of a matrix
    Definition of the Determinant of a 2  2 matrix
    The determinant of the matrix
     a11 a12 
    A=  
     a21 a12 
    is det(A)=|A|=a11a12  a21a12

    2
    Example: Find the determinant of the matrix
     2 1
    A=  
     3 5
    2 1
    det(A)=|A|=  (2)(5)  ( 3)(1)  10  3  13
    3 5

    3
    Minors and Cofactors of a Matrix
    • If A is a square matrix, then the minor Mij of
    the element aij is the determinant of the matrix
    obtained by deleting the ith row and the jth
    column of A.
    • The cofactor, Cij is given by

    Cij   1
    i j
    M ij

    4
    Example
    • Minor of a21:
     a11 a12 a13 
    a a12 a13
     21 a22 a23  M 21   a12 a33  a32 a13
    a32 a33
     a31 a32 a33 

    • Cofactor of a21
    C21   1
    2 1
    M 21   M 21  a32 a13  a12 a33

    5
    Example: Find the Minors and cofactors of a21 and a22 .
     3 2 1 
    A   4 5 6 
     2 3 1 
    Minor of a21 :
     3 2 1 
     4 5 6  , M  2 1  (2)(1)  ( 3)(1)  2  (3)  5
      21
    3 1
     2 3 1 
    Cofactor of a21  (1) 21 M 21  5

    Minor of a12 :
     3 2 1 
     4 5 6  , M  4 6  (4)(1)  (2)(6)  4  12  8
      12
    2 1
     2 3 1 
    Cofactor of a12  (1)1 2 M 12  (1)(8)  8 6
    Sign pattern for Cofactors

        
        

        
     
        
          
    n  n matrix

    7
    Determinant of n×n matrix
    • If A is a square matrix of order n, then

    n
    det( A)  A   aij Cij i-th row expansion
    j 1

    n
    j-th column expansion
    det( A)  A   aij Cij
    i 1

    8
    Example: Use expansion by cofactors to find the
    determinant of A 1 5 0  
    A   2 4 1
     1 2 3 

    Solution:
       
    Note the sign pattern for cofactors     
        
    4 1 2 1 2 4
    det( A) | A | 1 5 0
    2 3 1 3 1 2
     1 (4)(3)  (2)(1)   5 (2)(3)  (1)(1)   0
     1(12  2)  5(6  1)
     10  25  15
    9
    Example: Find the determinant of A
    1 2 3 0
     1 1 0 2 
    A
    0 2 0 3
     
    3 4 0 2 
    Solution:
    1 1 2
    det( A) | A | 3 0 2 3
    3 4 2
     2 3 1 2
     3  1 03 
     4  2 2 3 
     3 1((2)( 2)  (4)(3))  3((1)(3)  (2)(2)) 
     3 1(16)  3(1) 
     3(16  3)  3(13)  39
    10
    An alternative method is commonly used to evaluate the determinant of a 3  3.
    Subtract these three products

    a11 a12 a13 a11 a12


    a21 a22 a23 a21 a22
    a31 a32 a33 a31 a32

    Add these three products

    det( A) | A | a11a22 a33  a12 a23a31  a13a21a32  a31a22 a13  a32 a23 a11  a33 a21a12

    11
    Example: Find the determinant of
    1 5 0
    A   2 4 1
     1 2 3 
    Solution:
    0 2 30 subtract these products
    1 5 0 1 5
    2 4 1 2 4
    1 2 3 1 2
    12 5 0 add these product

    det( A) | A | 12  5  0  0  2  30  15

    12
    Triangular Matrices
    • If A is a triangular matrix of order n, then its
    determinant is the product of the entries on the
    main diagonal

    det( A)  A  a11.a22 .a33 ...ann

    13
    Example: Find the determinant of

    1 0 0 
    A   2 5 0 
     0 2 6 
    Solution:
    det( A)  A  (1)(5)(6)  30

    14
    Diagonal

    • A matrix is called diagonal when it is both


    upper and lower triangular.
    10 0 0 
     0 5 0
     
     0 0 6 

    15
    Exercise: Use expansion by cofactors to find the
    determinant of the matrix.
     3 1 2
    a)  4 1 4 
     2 0 1 
     3 4 2
    b)  6 3 1 
     4 7 8

    16

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