Viscoelasticidad

COMPORTAMIENTO MECÁNICO
Estímulo Sistema Respuesta

Morfología
• Thermoplastics
Crystalline
– Amorphous Region
– Semi-crystalline
• Thermosets
Crosslinks
Morfología del sistema
• J.-L. Yang et al. / Polymer 47 (2006)
2791–2801
RESPUESTA
1. Mecanismos de deformación:
*Elástica
*Plástica
2. Mecanismos de almacenamiento y disipación de energía
ΔE=Q-W
ΔE=Q-Welástico-Wplástico
ΔE=Qin-Qdisipado-Welástico-Wplástico
Deformación elástica:
• Materials deform elastically or

inelastically.
• During elastic deformation  the
stress in a body is directly related
to the strain, and vice-versa.
– When the force is removed (i.e. when
stress becomes zero) then strain
returns to zero.
• The plot of stress against strain

produces a straight line 
Linear elastic stress-
– the stress can be increased or strain relationship
decreased, and
– stress and strain are always
proportional to each other.
Disipación
VISCOELASTICIDAD
Viscoso Elástico
Líquido Sólido
Viscoelástico
COMPORTAMIENTO VISCOELÁSTICO
Viscoso Elástico
ε=f (material,σ,T,t)
EXPERIMENTOS
Esfuerzo-deformación
Creep
Relajación de esfuerzo
DMS
Deformación elástica y plástica
Mechanical Properties
• i.e. stress-strain behavior of polymers
brittle polymer
FS of polymer ca. 10% that of metals
plastic
elastomer
elastic modulus
– less than metal
Adapted from Fig. 15.1,

Strains – deformations > 1000% possible Callister 7e.
(for metals, maximum strain ca. 10% or

less) 15
Typical Data-Polymers
Iron Modulus is 282 Gpa on same scale

Typical Data - Metals
Typical Data - Ceramics
Iron 41
Al 11
Mechanical Properties
• i.e. stress-strain behavior of polymers
brittle polymer
FS of polymer ca. 10% that of metals
plastic
elastomer
elastic modulus
– less than metal
Adapted from Fig. 15.1,

Strains – deformations > 1000% possible Callister 7e.
(for metals, maximum strain ca. 10% or

less) 21
Temperature dependence
polymethyl methacrylate
(PMMA)
plexiglass
http://www2.dupont.com/Plasti
cs/en_US/assets/downloads/d
esign/230323c.pdf
Carga-deformación vs tiempo
ε = f(σ,t) Load vs. Time
ta = time of applied stress
tr = time of released stress
elastic
Visco-elastic Viscous
Calister, Ed. 6 (2003)

• SM106 apparatus and its components
CREEP
Creep
• J. Appl. Sci. Res., 6(11): 1620-1626, 2010
Three regions can be readily identified on the curve:
1 to 2 Primary Creep -creep proceeds at a
diminishing rate due to work hardening of the metal.
2 to 3 Secondary Creep - creep proceeds at a
constant rate because a balance is achieved between
the work hardening and annealing (thermal softening)
processes.
3 to 4 Tertiary Creep - the creep rate increases due
to necking of the specimen and the associated
increase in local stress. Failure occurs at point 4.
Creep curve for Polypropylene
showing creep recovery
T y σ constante
• Arrhenius type:
E
n
  A e RT
ln ε = ln A + n ln σ – E/RT
Creep
• Take a tension specimen made from a polymer and and
put on a series of constant stresses on it.
• We observe
Creep: Progressive strain (deformation) over time at

constant stress (load), usually at high temperatures
Creep y peso molecular
A mayor Mw menor deformación
Stress Relaxation
• Think of a polymer specimen loaded
with at a constant strain.
 Note that both linear
elastic and viscous fluid
behaviors are present.
 Note that there seems to
be some residual stress
at the end, i.e. the
material does not
completely recover.
There is both elasticity
and plasticity.
http://www2.dupont.com/Plasti
cs/en_US/assets/downloads/d
esign/230323c.pdf
Relajación de esfuerzos
• σ vs t; ε constante
ε = 0,5 mm
Temperatura:
20⁰C; 40⁰C; 50⁰C;
60⁰C; hasta 120⁰C
Effect of Temperature:
Glass Transition
Temperature
Tg and Tm
Time-Temperature Superposition
(t,T)?
Unloaded Stretched Squeezed
(Tension) (Compression)
Cut (Simple Twisted (Torsional

shear) shear)
Modelos de viscoelasticidad
• Springs
– Purely Elastic
– Respond Instantaneously Spring Dashpot
– Store Energy
– Hook’s Law
  E
• Dashpots
– Purely Viscous
– Slow response
– Dissipate Energy in form of heat
– Newton’s Law d
 
dt
Deformación elástica y plástica
• Sample Tg(C) values:
PE (low density) - 110

PE (high density) - 90
PVC + 87
PS +100
PC +150
Selected values from

Table 15.2, Callister
7e.
Time dependence
• If a load is slowly applied to a polymeric body  the chains in the
polymer have time to unfold and stretch.
• There are three main ways of presenting creep data to be
presented as:
1. Creep curves Strain versus the logarithm of time elapsed (various
curves at constant load, or stress):
2. Isochronous curves Stress versus strain (various curves at constant

time of duration of load):
3. Isometric curves Stress versus the logarithm of elapsed time (various

curves at constant strain values):
Charpy test configuration
Apparatus to measure impact strength

Izod test configuration
• Points to note: Variable Change Typical
effect on
• Yielding is a  ductility
phenomenon which is Temperature  
responsible for ductile Strain rate  
deformations, Molecular  
– as opposed to brittle weight
fracture. Chain  / 
branching
• the degree of ductility of Crystallinity  
a polymer  often Crosslinking  
controlled by a number Particulate  
of variables fillers
Fibrous  
reinforcement
In general, resistance to fracture through impact is affected by the following:
Variable Change Typical effect on

ductility
Temperature  
Strain rate (speed of  
impact)
Amount/size of notch-  
like defects
Mass of impacting  
body
Fibrous reinforcement  
In general, resistance to fracture through impact is affected by the following:
Variable Change Typical effect on

ductility
Temperature  
Strain rate (speed of  
impact)
Amount/size of notch-  
like defects
Mass of impacting  
body
Fibrous reinforcement  

Viscoelasticidad

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COMPORTAMIENTO MECÁNICO

Estímulo Sistema Respuesta

2. Mecanismos de almacenamiento y disipación de energía

• Materials deform elastically or

• The plot of stress against strain

FS of polymer ca. 10% that of metals

Adapted from Fig. 15.1,

(for metals, maximum strain ca. 10% or

Iron Modulus is 282 Gpa on same scale

FS of polymer ca. 10% that of metals

Adapted from Fig. 15.1,

(for metals, maximum strain ca. 10% or

Calister, Ed. 6 (2003)

Creep: Progressive strain (deformation) over time at

Cut (Simple Twisted (Torsional

PE (low density) - 110

Selected values from

2. Isochronous curves Stress versus strain (various curves at constant

3. Isometric curves Stress versus the logarithm of elapsed time (various

Apparatus to measure impact strength

Variable Change Typical effect on

Variable Change Typical effect on

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