Chapter 5 (ATTITUTE & VALUES)

ATTITUDES AND VALUES
Meaning
• Attitudes refer to a set of beliefs and
feelings of people, individuals groups.
• Irrespective of their status or position all
people hold attitudes.
• Attitudes are multi dimensional and
complex in natures.
1
Definition
• “ Attitudes are evaluative statements either
favourable or unfavourable concerning
objects, people or events. They reflect how
one feels about something.”
• “ The word attitude describes a persistent
tendency to feel and behave in a particular
way towards some objects”.
2
Characteristic in three way
• They tend to persist unless something is
done to change them.
• Attitudes can fall along a continum from
favourable to unfavourable.
• Attitudes are directed toward some object
about which a person has feelings and
beliefs.
3
FUNCTION OF ATTITUDES
Understanding of functions of attitudes is
important to the study of O/B. There are four
functions
• THE ADJUSTMENT FUNCTINS:

Attitudes help people to adjust to their work
environment. Example: good treatment of the
employees, positive attitude towards boss
and organizations.
4
• EGO-DEFENSIVE FUNCTIONS:
Attitudes also help them defend their self-

images. Attitudes serves to justify the action
and to defend the ego.
Ex: Old workers may feel threatened by
the entry of new/young workers. Such
feelings should be removed-self image
protected.
5
• VALUE EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION:
Each individual have his/her own value

system our attitude reflect our value system.
ex. If one considers freedom is essential
value , he will have positive attitude towards
decentralizations of power.
6
• KNOWLEDGE FUNCTION
Helps to organize the knowledge attitude

toward people, events and objects help the
individual make sense out of what is going
on.
7
How these functions help the managers?
It helps the manager to understand and predict how a
person is likely to behave.
It helps the manager to change the attitude of another
person.
8
CHANGING ATTITUDES
Everything is subject to change.
Therefore attitude is also subject to change
To know how attitudes change or can be made to
change is a theoretical and practical problem of great
moment…..Perhaps the most urgent psychological
problem in our world today.
But the most important thing to remember about
attitude change is that a need to change must be
existing.
9
BARRIERS TO CHANGE
I. PRIOR COMMITMENTS:
When people feel a commitment to a particular course of action
and are unwilling to change.
II. INSUFFICIANT INFORMATION

When people are provided with in sufficient information – till
the correct, full information is provided . The employees attitude
will not change.
III. COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY
ex: Cognition that “ a person is a chain smoker” is highly
psychologically inconsistent with “ cigarette smoking is extremely
hazardous and cancerous to health.
individuals acts to reduce it or eliminate it. But the eliminating
of dissonance is rare possibility
Therefore people reduce it. 10
WAYS OF CHANGING
1) Providing new information
Ex. Workers - movement
2) Use of fear: Fear can change attitude
3) Influence of friends: through persuasion of friends.
4) Co-opting approach: getting involve , dissatisfied
people in improving things.
5) Meditation: Meditation is one of the important
technique which brings change in attitude.
11
HOW ATTITUDE ARE FORMED?
Attitudes are acquired but not inherited. The determinants of
persona attitude are personal experience, association, family,
peer group and society.
1. Experience : Direct contact with job/attitude object through
job experience, individuals learn attitude.
2. Association : Influenced by major groups.
3. Family : Family exerts influence on the initial core of
attitude
4. Society: Social class or religious affiliation also influence
attitude.
12
TYPES OF ATTITUDES
A person can have thousands of attitudes. But O/B
focuses on some job related attitudes. They are
1. Job satisfaction
2. Job involvement
3. Organizational commitment.
13
VALUES
It is attributed in two ways:
- Value of an object
- Intrinsic worth/qualities, thoughts possessed by an
individual.
Definition:
“ Concept of the desirable, an internalized criterion or
standard evaluation a person possesses. Such concepts and
standards are relatively few and determine or guide an
individual’s evaluations of the many objects encountered in
every day life”
14
Values
- Values' are guided with ethical, moral, principles,
individual’s judgments of what is right, good or
desirable.
- Thus values provide morality
- Fewer in number than attitudes
- Transcend the specific objects, situations, persons.
- Are relatively permanent and resistance to change.
- Are most central to the core of a person.
15
How values are formed ?
- Values are learned and acquired- through people, and
institutions.
- Parents influences on children-faith, religion etc.
- Schools, religious institutions, social groups.
- Cultural background, habits customs etc.
16
Values and organizational behaviour
- Values help the manager to understand the nature of
values the employees possess.
- People enter the organization with pre-conceived
notions of what ought and what ought not to be. This
clouds the objectivity and rationality.
- The challenge and re-examination of work values
constitute important cornerstones of current
management revolution all overt the world.
17

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ATTITUDES AND VALUES

• THE ADJUSTMENT FUNCTINS:

Attitudes also help them defend their self-

Each individual have his/her own value

Helps to organize the knowledge attitude

II. INSUFFICIANT INFORMATION

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