Lecture One

APPLIED
THERMODYNAMICS
INTRODUCTION
Introduction
• Thermodynamics is the study of the effects of work, heat, and energy
on a system
• Thermodynamics can be defined as the study of energy, energy
transformations and its relation to matter.
• The analysis of thermal systems is achieved through the application of
the 1st law of thermodynamics and the 2nd law of thermodynamics
and the property relations.
• Energy can be viewed as the ability to cause changes.
First law of thermodynamics
• One of the most fundamental laws of nature is the conservation of
energy principle.
• It simply states that during an interaction, energy can change from
one form to another but the total amount of energy remains
constant.
Second law of thermodynamics
• Energy has quality as well as quantity, and actual processes occur in
the direction of decreasing quality of energy.
• Whenever there is an interaction between energy and matter,
thermodynamics is involved.
• Some examples include heating and air‐conditioning systems,
refrigerators, water heaters, etc.
Closed and Open Systems
• A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
• The mass or region outside the system is called the surroundings
Boundary
• The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings.
• The boundaries of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Mathematically, the boundary has zero thickness, no mass, and no
volume.
Universe
• The combination of system, surrounding and boundary is known as
universe.
State of System
• A state is a macroscopic condition of a thermodynamic system as
described by its particular thermodynamic parameters.
• Some thermodynamic parameters are pressure, temperature, density,
composition etc
Classification of thermodynamic system
• Thermodynamic systems may be broadly classified in three
categories:
Open system
Closed system
Isolated system
Closed system or control mass
• Consists of a fixed amount of mass, and no mass can cross its
boundary.
• But, energy in the form of heat or work, can cross the boundary, and
the volume of a closed system does not have to be fixed.
Open system or control volume
• Is a properly selected region in space.
• It usually encloses a device that involves mass flow such as a
compressor.
• Both mass and energy can cross the boundary of a control volume.
Isolated system
• An isolated system does not exchange energy or matter with its
surroundings.
• A thermos flask is the best example of an isolated system. A thermos
flask is used to keep things either cold or hot.
• Thus a thermos does not allow energy for transfer.
• Additionally, the thermos like any other closed container does not
allow matter transfer because it has a lid that does not allow anything
to enter or leave the container.
Macroscopic (or Classical) view
• Thermodynamics can viewed from two viewpoints (or approaches).

• One is microscopic and another is macroscopic.
• In macroscopic approach attention is to a certain quantity of matter
without considering the activities (or events) happening at molecular
level
• In this approach the properties determined are (e.g. Pressure,
Volume, Temperature) which get affected by the systems interaction
with the surrounding.
• There are some macroscopic properties which can be sensed by the
human and some cannot.
• Even the macroscopic properties which cannot be sensed by human
can be related to the properties which can be sensed by the humans.
• These relations can be established either by experiments or by theory
at some macroscopic level.
Microscopic (or Statistical) view
• In microscopic view behavior of a system are determined by the

events happening at molecular level.
• Macroscopic behavior is always related to microscopic behavior
because a matter is always comprised of molecules.
• One can see that macroscopic behavior is an average of microscopic
behavior of large number of molecules over a considerable period of
time.
• Pressure is a macroscopic property it can be sensed but it too has a
microscopic explanation. Pressure can also be explained as the
change of momentum due to molecular collision
THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
• Equilibrium indicates the state of balance.
• In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials with in the
system.
• Equilibrium may be classified as
Chemical Equilibrium
Mechanical Equilibrium
Thermal Equilibrium
• Chemical Equilibrium:
If there is no chemical reaction or diffusion of matter from one part of the
system to another, the system is said to be in chemical equilibrium.
• Mechanical Equilibrium:
 If there are no unbalanced forces in the system, the system is said to be in
mechanical equilibrium.
• Equilibrium:
When a system is prevailing in chemical and mechanical equilibrium is separated
from its surroundings by a dia thermic wall and if no spontaneous change in any
property of the system, the system is said to be in state of thermal equilibrium.
Thermodynamic Properties of a system
• Properties are those characteristics of the system which can be used
for defining the system.
• Such as volume, pressure, temperature, viscosity etc.
• The thermodynamic properties may be classified into two categories:
Intensive property
Extensive property
Intensive property
• Intensive properties are those properties which have same value for
any part of the system or these are those properties that are
independent of the mass of the system.
• Such as temperature, pressure and density
Extensive property
• Extensive properties are those properties which depend upon the
mass of the system and do not maintain the same value for any path
of the system.
• Such as mass, enthalpy, volume and energy etc.
Definition of terms
• Path: If all the changes of states of the system are plotted, then line
joining the change of states of the system is known as path.
• Process: A process is a complete description of change of state of a
thermodynamic system through a specified path.
• Cycle: A thermodynamic cycle is defined as the series of state of
changes such that the initial state is identical with the final state.
• A Diathermic wall is a type of wall that allows heat to pass through it
Quasi-Static Process
• A quasi-static process (also known as a quasi-equilibrium process) is a
type of thermodynamic process.
• A thermodynamic process that occurs slowly enough for the system
to maintain internal thermodynamic equilibrium (from the Latin
quasi, meaning "as if").
• Quasi-static expansion is an example of this, in which the volume of a
system changes so slowly that the pressure remains constant
throughout the system at all times during the process.
• The term quas-istatic means almost seems to be static.
• The quasi static process is an ideal thermodynamic process that
occurs slowly to maintain thermodynamic equilibrium throughout the
process.
• The quasi static process is also known as the quasi equilibrium
process.
• This process takes infinite time for its completion

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APPLIED

• Thermodynamics can viewed from two viewpoints (or approaches).

• In microscopic view behavior of a system are determined by the

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