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    Alkaloids

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    Vaibhav Nata
    Alkaloids are plant-derived organic compounds that contain nitrogen. They generally have bitter tastes and are colorless, crystalline solids that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Alkaloids are classified based on their chemical substructures and include groups like phenylethylamine, pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrene, and indole. Common alkaloids and their syntheses are discussed, including ephedrine, mescaline, adrenaline, nicotine, atropine, and tropic acid. Methods for determining alkaloid structures include combustion analysis, tests for functional groups, oxidative degradation, and analysis of nitrogen type.

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    Alkaloids

    Uploaded by

    Vaibhav Nata
    28 views32 pages
    Alkaloids are plant-derived organic compounds that contain nitrogen. They generally have bitter tastes and are colorless, crystalline solids that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Alkaloids are classified based on their chemical substructures and include groups like phenylethylamine, pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrene, and indole. Common alkaloids and their syntheses are discussed, including ephedrine, mescaline, adrenaline, nicotine, atropine, and tropic acid. Methods for determining alkaloid structures include combustion analysis, tests for functional groups, oxidative degradation, and analysis of nitrogen type.

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    Alkaloids are plant-derived organic compounds that contain nitrogen. They generally have bitter tastes and are colorless, crystalline solids that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Alkaloids are classified based on their chemical substructures and include groups like phenylethylamine, pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrene, and indole. Common alkaloids and their syntheses are discussed, including ephedrine, mescaline, adrenaline, nicotine, atropine, and tropic acid. Methods for determining alkaloid structures include combustion analysis, tests for functional groups, oxidative degradation, and analysis of nitrogen type.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views32 pages

    Alkaloids

    Uploaded by

    Vaibhav Nata
    Alkaloids are plant-derived organic compounds that contain nitrogen. They generally have bitter tastes and are colorless, crystalline solids that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Alkaloids are classified based on their chemical substructures and include groups like phenylethylamine, pyrrolidine, pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline, phenanthrene, and indole. Common alkaloids and their syntheses are discussed, including ephedrine, mescaline, adrenaline, nicotine, atropine, and tropic acid. Methods for determining alkaloid structures include combustion analysis, tests for functional groups, oxidative degradation, and analysis of nitrogen type.

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    You are on page 1of 32

    Alkaloids

    1
    What are they

    • Plant origin basic organic compounds

    • At least one nitrogen in heterocylic ring

    2
    Examples

    3
    General properties

    • Colorless and crystalline non-volatile solids

    • Water insoluble, soluble in organic solvents

    • Exceptions -water soluble liquids; eg. Nicotine


    • Bitter taste
    • Optical activity

    4
    Classification
    • Based on chemical substructures
    • Phenylethylamine group
    • Pyrrolidine group
    • Pyridine and Piperidine group
    • Quinoline group
    • Isoquinoline group
    • Phenanthrene group
    • Indole group
    5
    Hofman’s exhaustive methylation

    6
    7
    Exceptions

    8
    Emde modification

    9
    10
    11
    Von Braun’s method
    • Tertiary amines

    12
    13
    14
    `

    15
    Methods for structure determination
    • Combustion analysis of pure sample

    • If oxygen present -

    test for hydroxyl group

    moles of acetic anhydride consumed

    • FeCl3 test – phenolic OH

    • Ready solubility in sodium carbonate – COOH

    • Precipitate with 2,4-DNP – carbonyl group

    • Reaction with bromine water and KMnO4-unsaturation

    • Oxidative degradation into simpler molecules

    • Methoxy group-treatment with boiling HI-formation of MeI-precipitated by alc. AgNO3 to AgI

    and weighed 16
    Nature of nitrogen present
    • No reaction with Acetic anhydride, nitrous acid- tertiary
    nitrogen
    • Positive reaction with hydrogen peroxide – formation of
    N-oxide – tertiary nitrogen
    • Alkaloid distillation with KOH- formation of
    dimethylamine, methylamine, trimethyl amine, evolution
    of ammonia – original nature of nitrogen present
    indicated
    17
    Phenylethylamine group
    • Ephedrine – structure determination

    18
    Synthesis

    19
    Mescaline

    20
    Synthesis

    21
    Adrenaline

    22
    Synthesis

    23
    Tobacco alkaloids-Nicotine

    24
    Synthesis

    25
    26
    27
    Solanaceous alkaloids-Atropine

    28
    29
    30
    Synthesis – Tropic acid

    31
    Synthesis

    32

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