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    Cohort Retrospective

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    Russarin Sindhupreechapong
    This document describes a retrospective cohort study. A retrospective cohort study identifies a group of people in the past based on their exposure to a certain factor or characteristic. It then examines outcomes for those people by looking back in time, often using medical or administrative records. This type of cohort study is easier to conduct than a prospective study since the data collection on exposures and outcomes has already taken place. However, it has weaknesses like incomplete or inaccurate past records and an inability to control for all possible confounding factors.

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    Cohort Retrospective

    Uploaded by

    Russarin Sindhupreechapong
    280 views17 pages
    This document describes a retrospective cohort study. A retrospective cohort study identifies a group of people in the past based on their exposure to a certain factor or characteristic. It then examines outcomes for those people by looking back in time, often using medical or administrative records. This type of cohort study is easier to conduct than a prospective study since the data collection on exposures and outcomes has already taken place. However, it has weaknesses like incomplete or inaccurate past records and an inability to control for all possible confounding factors.

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    This document describes a retrospective cohort study. A retrospective cohort study identifies a group of people in the past based on their exposure to a certain factor or characteristic. It then examines outcomes for those people by looking back in time, often using medical or administrative records. This type of cohort study is easier to conduct than a prospective study since the data collection on exposures and outcomes has already taken place. However, it has weaknesses like incomplete or inaccurate past records and an inability to control for all possible confounding factors.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    280 views17 pages

    Cohort Retrospective

    Uploaded by

    Russarin Sindhupreechapong
    This document describes a retrospective cohort study. A retrospective cohort study identifies a group of people in the past based on their exposure to a certain factor or characteristic. It then examines outcomes for those people by looking back in time, often using medical or administrative records. This type of cohort study is easier to conduct than a prospective study since the data collection on exposures and outcomes has already taken place. However, it has weaknesses like incomplete or inaccurate past records and an inability to control for all possible confounding factors.

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    RETROSPECTIVE COHORT

    GROUP # 3

    Cohort Studies

    Cohort

    Group of people who have something in common when they are assembled Latin cohors warriors, the 10th part of a legion (3,000 6,000 men). Designated group of people who are followed or traced for a particular period of time

    Research Study Design


    Design
    no DECISION: Alter the events under study? observational

    Examples
    - case series - cross-sectional - case-control - cohort - RCT - basic science

    yes

    experimental

    Allocation of Exposures
    Experimental Study Study group Random Allocation Group A Group B Observational Study Study group Nonrandom Allocation Group A Group B

    Sampling in Cohort Studies


    Probability (Random) Sample: - simple random sample: everyone in the actual population has an equal chance of being sampled. - stratified random sample: (age, gender, single stage, multistage) Non-Probability (Non-random) Sample: - Judgmental Sample: hand-picking participants - Grab (convenience) Sample: volunteers - Consecutive Sample: every patient that meets inclusion criteria. - Systematic Sample: every second person, etc. N.B. Probability Sample is required for hypothesis testing.

    General Design of a Cohort Study


    Defined Population
    Target Pop:
    Population at Risk

    Study Sample

    Representative Sample? Exposed NO Yes Not Exposed NO Yes Time Disease/Outcome Present?

    Selection of Exposed Population


    Depends on research question Depends on frequency of exposure


    Common exposures: general population Rare exposures: selected groups Disease cannot be too rare

    Outcome must not be rare in exposed

    Attributable risk must be high

    Accessible and compliant subjects

    E.g., Nurses Health Study, British Physicians

    Selection of Non-exposed Group

    Similar as possible to exposed

    Control for confounding factors Consider healthy worker effect

    General Population?

    Multiple groups

    Time and Cohort Studies


    Past
    Cohort Assembled

    Present
    Follow-up Cohort Assembled

    Future

    = Historical (retrospective)
    Follow-up

    Prospective =

    Mixed Cohort

    Cohort Design
    Prospective 2002 Study Sample Nonrandomized Exposed Disease 2010 No disease Not Exposed Disease No disease 2000 Historical 1990

    Historical (Retrospective) Cohort Study

    Identify cohort in the past

    E.g., through records or administrative databases

    Determine exposure or prognostic factors in the past

    Again, records or databases Outcome can be identified in past or present Outcome must be after previous two steps

    Identify outcome

    Historical (Retrospective) Cohort Studies Strengths:


    cohort easier to assemble (inception period in past) baseline measurements already available follow-up period already taken place less costly and time-consuming

    Weaknesses:
    no control over the quality of past measurements incomplete data sets control for confounding may be incomplete

    Historical Cohort Example

    Question: Are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs a risk factor for kidney disease? Identify cohort e.g., people diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis between January and December 1992 (provincial health database) Determine exposure status. Which of these patients were prescribed NSAIDs? Determine outcome. Did patient develop kidney disease during the five years after inception into cohort? (follow-up lasted until December 1997)

    Evaluation of Mandibular Fractures in a Tertiary Military Hospital: A 10-year Retrospective Study

    OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to evaluate mandibular fractures in a tertiary military hospital, to determine the age group in which injury occurred most often, to examine the various mechanisms injury, to determine the anatomical part of the mandible most frequently affected and to determine if there were significant relationships between the various mechanisms of injury and the different fracture sites.

    Source: http://pso-hns.org/psojournals/pjohns/2011a/05-01-oa-03-mandibular-abstract.pdf

    Misdiagnosis of the vegetative state: retrospective study in a rehabilitation unit

    OBJECTIVE:

    To identify the number of patients who were misdiagnosed as being in the vegetative state and their characteristics.

    Source: http://www.bmj.com/content/313/7048/13.full

    AS YOU SOW SO SHALL YOU REAP!!!

    THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION

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