Operating System

What is Operating System?

• An Operating System (OS) is a set of
programs that manage computer hardware
resources and provide common services
for application software.
Types of Operating System
• Real-time OS
• Single-user – Single tasking OS
• Single-user – Multi-tasking OS
• Multi-user OS
• Network Operating System
Real-time OS
• A real-time operating system is a multitasking operating system that
aims at executing real-time applications.
• The main objective of real-time operating systems is their quick and
predictable response to events. They have an event-driven or time-
sharing design and often aspects of both. An event-driven system
switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while
time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.

Example:
PSOS – Portable Software on Silicon (Cellphone system base stations)
VRTX – Versatile Real-tile Execution (Aviation Agency)
Characteristics of Real-time OS
 Very fast small OS
 Built into a device
 Respond quickly to user input
 MP3 Players, Medical devices
Single-user – Single tasking OS
• Single-user OS are usable by a single user at a time. This operating
system is designed to manage the computer so that one user can
effectively do one thing at a time.
• Only one user to perform only one or single task at a time

Example:
• MS DOS
Characteristics of Single-user – Single
tasking OS
 One user works on the system
 Performs one tasks at time
 MS-DOS is an example
 Take up little space on disk
Single-user – Multi-tasking OS
This is the type of operating system most people use on their desktop and
laptop computers today. Microsoft's Windows and Apple's MacOS
platforms are both examples of operating systems that will let a single
user have several programs in operation at the same time. For example,
it's entirely possible for a Windows user to be writing a note in a word
processor while downloading a file from the Internet while printing the text
of an e-mail message.
Single-user – Multi-tasking OS
• Characteristics
 One user works on the system
 Performs several programs or applications at the same time
 Windows OS and MAC OS are example
 Higher space on the disk than single tasking
Multi-user OS
• A multi-user operating system allows many different users to take
advantage of the computer's resources simultaneously. The operating
system must make sure that the requirements of the various users are
balanced, and that each of the programs they are using has sufficient
and separate resources so that a problem with one user doesn't affect
the entire community of users.
Multi-user OS
• Characteristics

1. Many users can connect to one computer

2. Each user has unique session
3. Maintenance can be easy
4. Requires a powerful computer (higher specifications)
Network Operating System (NOS)
• A networking operating system (NOS) is the software that runs on a
server and enables the server to manage data, users, groups, security,
applications, and other networking functions.
• Network Operating Systems are based on a client/server architecture in
which a server enables multiple clients to share resources
• The function of an operating system (OS) is to control the computer
hardware, program execution environment, and user interface. The OS
performs these functions for a single user or a number of users who
share the machine serially rather than concurrently. An administrator
may set up accounts for more than one user, but users cannot log on to
the system at the same time.
 • Example of Network Operating System
1. Microsoft Windows Server (NT, 2003, 2008, 2012 Versions)
2. MAC OS X (OS X 3.1, 3.0.2, 4,1 Versions)
3. Unix and Linux
 NOS Characteristics
1. Network Operating Systems (NOSs) distribute their functions over
a number of networked computers.
2. It adds functions that allow access to shared resources by a
number of users concurrently.
3. Client systems contain specialized software that allows them to
request shared resources that are controlled by server systems
responding to a client request.
4. The NOS enhances the reach of the client PC by making remote
services available as extensions of the local native operating system.
5. NOS supports multiple user accounts at the same time and
enables concurrent access to shared resources by multiple clients.
 NOS Characteristics
6. A NOS server is a multitasking system. Internally, the OS must be
capable of executing multiple tasks or processes at the same time.
7. Some systems are equipped with more than one processor, called
multiprocessing systems. They are capable of executing multiple tasks
in parallel by assigning each task to a different processor.
8. NOS servers are a computers with additional memory to support
multiple tasks that are all active, or resident, in memory at the same
time.
9. Additional disk space is also required on servers to hold shared files
and to function as an extension to the internal memory on the system.
Functions of Operating System

1. Provide User Interface

2. Run application programs
3. Manage hardware services
4. Memory Management
5. Organize File Storage
Provide User Interface
• User interface refers on how a user interacts with a computer.

A. Graphical User Interface (GUI) – Multitasking OS

 Most common interface like Windows OS and MAC OS X
 Uses a mouse to control objects
 Uses a desktop metaphor
 Shortcuts open programs and documents
 Open documents have additional objects
 Task switching
 Dialog boxes allow directed input
A.Command Line Interface (CLI)- Single Tasking OS
 Older interface
 User types commands at a prompt
 User must remember all commands
 Included in all GUIs
Run Application Programs
• One of the purposes of an operating system is to provide a platform on
which a user can execute programs in a convenient and efficient
manner. All operating nowadays are capable of running application
programs such as Microsoft Office, Media Players, Photo Editing
software, etc.
• Have you encountered like this whenever you are
searching for an application in the internet?
Manage Hardware Services
• Operating systems manages hardware like Central
Processing Unit (CPU), Random Access Memory (RAM) and
storage devices.
1. Processor Management - This deals with management of the Central
Processing Unit (CPU). The operating system takes care of the allotment of
CPU time to different processes. When a process finishes its CPU processing
after executing for the allotted time period, this is called scheduling. There are
various type of scheduling techniques that are used by the operating systems:
 Shortest Job First (SJF): Process which need the shortest CPU time are
scheduled first.
 Round Robin Scheduling: Each process is assigned a fixed CPU execution
time in cyclic way.
 Priority Based scheduling (Non-Preemptive): In this scheduling,
processes are scheduled according to their priorities, i.e., highest priority
process is schedule first. If priorities of two processes match, then schedule
according to arrival time
2. Memory Management (RAM)
• In a computer, both the CPU and the I/O devices interact with the
memory. When a program needs to be executed it is loaded onto the
main memory till the execution is completed. Thereafter that memory
space is freed and is available for other programs. The common
memory management techniques used by the operating system are
Partitioning and Virtual Memory.
Organize File Storage
The operating System manages the files, folders and directory systems on
a computer. Any data on a computer is stored in the form of files and the
operating system keeps information about all of them using File Allocation
Table (FAT).
The FAT stores general information about files like filename, type (text or
binary), size, starting address and access mode (sequential/indexed
sequential/direct/relative).
The file manager of the operating system helps to create, edit, copy,
allocate memory to the files and also updates the FAT. The operating
system also takes care that files are opened with proper access rights to
read or edit them.
Installation of
Operating
System
Pre-Installation Procedure
• Check the hardware specifications of the Operating
Systems
1. Storage Requirement
2. System Memory
3. Processor
4. Video Card
Sample Specifications
Minimum Hardware requirements for Installation
1. Windows XP
 Pentium 233 Mhz or compatible processor or faster, 300Mhz or faster
recommended
 64MB of RAM minimum, 128 MB or more recommended
 4.3 GB hard disk space or more
 CD-ROM or DVD ROM
 Super VGA (800X600) or higher-resolution monitor
 Keyboard and mouse
Sample Specifications
Minimum Hardware requirements for Installation
2. Windows 7
 1 gigahertz (GHz) or faster 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64)
processor*
 1 gigabyte (GB) RAM (32-bit) or 2 GB RAM (64-bit)
 16 GB available hard disk space (32-bit) or 20 GB (64-bit)
 DirectX 9 graphics device with WDDM 1.0 or higher
driver.
Sample Specifications
Minimum Hardware requirements for Installation
3. Windows 8
 1GHz CPU or faster
 1GB (32-bit) or 2GB (64-bit) memory
 16GB (32-bit) or 20GB (64-bit) disk space
 DirectX 9-capabale video graphics card with WDDM driver
 Super VGA (800X600) or higher-resolution monitor
 Keyboard and mouse
Sample Specifications
Minimum Hardware requirements for Installation
4. Windows 10
 1GHz CPU or faster
 1GB (32-bit) or 2GB (64-bit) memory
 16GB (32-bit) or 32GB (64-bit) disk space
 DirectX 9 or later with WDDM 1.0 driver graphics card
 Super VGA (800X600) or higher-resolution monitor
 Keyboard and mouse
Sample Specifications
Minimum Hardware requirements for Installation
5. macOS Mojave
• 2GB of memory
• 12.5GB of available storage (OS X El Capitan 10.11.5 or later)*
• Some features require an Apple ID; terms apply.
• Some features require a compatible Internet service provider; fees may apply.
• MacBook (Early 2015 or newer)
• MacBook Air (Mid 2012 or newer)
Types of Installations
• Dual Boot Installation
• Desktop Installation
• Server Installation
• Network Client Systems
Installation Methods
• CD/DVD Installation
• Network Installation
• USB Installation
• Online Installation
Assignment
• Make a research on the installation procedure and methods commonly used
for the following Windows OS:
• Windows XP
• Windows 7
• Windows 10
• Answer the following:
1. Give your insights or observation on the process of installation os the
three windows OS.
2. Which do you think is the easiest OS to install? Why?
3. What are the hardware issues must be considered in performing OS
installation?