Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain
Examples:
• Mean gives the average brightness of the image
• Variance (σ2) and its square root the standard deviation gives the
deviation of intensities on average from the mean value (average
contrast)
Local enhancement using statistical parameters
Image formed from the Image formed from the Image formed from the
local means local standard deviations multiplication constants
selected for different
mean/std ranges
• Addition
– Averaging images for noise removal
• Subtraction
– Removal of background from images
– Image enhancement
– Image matching
– Moving/displaced object tracking
• Multiplication
– Superimposing texture on an image
– Convolution and correlation of images
• And, Or operations
– To remove the unnecessary area of an image through mask
operations
Image averaging for noise reduction
The noise can be removed by taking more noisy images of the same
object and averaging them out
Image averaging for noise reduction
Noisy image
Noise
reduction by
averaging
256 samples
Examples of image subtraction
• The output intensity value at (x,y) depends not only on the input
intensity value at (x,y) but also on the specified number of
neighboring intensity values around (x,y)
• Spatial masks (also called window, filter, kernel, template) are
used and convolved over the entire image for local enhancement
(spatial filtering)
• The size of the masks determines the number of neighboring
pixels which influence the output value at (x,y)
• The values (coefficients) of the mask determine the nature and
properties of enhancing technique
Local enhancement through spatial filtering
• z gives the output intensity value for the processed image (to be
stored in a new array) at the location of z5 in the input image
Basics of spatial filtering
Smoothed by Smoothed by
5 x 5 box filter 9 x 9 box filter
Smoothed by Smoothed by
15 x 15 box filter 35 x 35 box filter
Spatial filtering for Smoothing (example)
Order Statistics Filters
• Non-linear spatial-filters
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Sharpening Spatial Filters
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Sharpening Spatial Filters
• Assignment: