STORM WATER

STORMWATE
R
Storm water is water that originates during precipitation events. It Tr ans Ev apora

may also be used to apply to water that originates with snowmelt pir ation tion

that enters the storm water system. Storm water that does not soak
into the ground becomes surface runoff, which either flows directly
into surface waterways or is channeled Percolation Runoff Runoff
Runoff
into storm sewers, which eventually discharge to surface waters.

Storm water Management Principles:

 Reduce Site Runoff

 Maximize Use of Natural Drainage
 Provide Pre-Treatment of Runoff
 Treat the storm Water
 Less Waterproof Cover
 Little or No Storm Sewers
 More Open Space

Reduce Site Runoff & Maximize Natural Drainage

 Minimize Impervious Areas
 Maximize Vegetated Areas
 Maximize Open Space
 Avoid Storm Sewers
 Penetrate Storm water Runoff
1
 Maintain Natural Features
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 1.Catchments: Terrace or courtyard of a building, unpaved area like a lawn or open
ground. Reinforced cement concrete (RCC), galvanized iron or corrugated sheets.

2.Gutters: Channels all around the edge of a sloping roof to collect and transport
rainwater to the storage tank. Gutters can be semi-circular or rectangular and could be
made using plain galvanized iron sheet, Semi- circular gutters of PVC material , Bamboo
or betel trunks cut vertically in half. The size of the gutter should be according to the flow
during the highest intensity rain.

3.Conduits: Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area to the
harvesting system. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron (GI), materials that are commonly available.
The following table gives an idea the diameter of pipe required for draining out rainwater based on rainfall
intensity and roof area:

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 RAIN WATER HARVESTING
WHY RAIN WATER HARVESTING?
•To arrest ground water decline and expand ground water table
"Conscious collection and storage of
•To beneficiate water quality in aquifers
rainwater to cater the demands of water,
•To conserve surface water runoff during monsoon
for drinking, domestic purpose & irrigation
•To reduce soil erosion
is termed as “Rainwater Harvesting."
•To inculcate(instil)a culture of water conservation
(Aquifers: only found in usable quantities in certain
places underground and those places are call aquifers)
HOW TO HARVEST RAIN WATER? PROCESS
1. Surface runoff

harvesting

2. Roof top rainwater

harvesting

(Soil erosion is the denudation or wearing away of the upper layer of soil)
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RAIN WATER HARVESTING METHOD

Components:
1. Catchment
2. Transportation
3. First Flush
4. Filter
5. Recharging facility

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 RAIN WATER HARVESTING COMPONENTS

FIRST FLUSH
 First flush is a device used to flush off the water
received in first shower.
 The first show rains needs to be flushed-off to avoid
contamination of storable/rechargeable water by
atmosphere and the catchment roof.
 It will also helps in cleaning of silt and other material
deposited on roof during dry seasons..
(Need of filtration: After rainwater is collected
from a roof, it should be filtered before it is stored
in a tank. This is to ensure that it is kept in the
best possible condition, to avoid ruin of organic
material, development of odors etc.)

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 RAIN WATER HARVESTING COMPONENTS
SAND FILTERS
CHARCOAL FILTERS
SAND These are commonly used filters,
Charcoal filter can be made in-situ or in a
GRAVEL
FILTER
constructed by brick masonry and
drum. The drum or chamber should be
CHARCO
filled by pebbles, gravels, and sand as
AL
FILTER filled by pebbles, gravels, sand and
shown in the figure. Each layer
charcoal as shown in the figure. Each
should be separated by wire mesh.
PVC- PIPE layer should be separated by wire mesh.
FILTER

SPONGE
FILTER

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 RAIN WATER HARVESTING COMPONENTS
PVC – Pipe Filter
SPONGE FILTERS
This filter can be made by PVC pipe of 1 to 1.20
m length; Diameter of pipe depends on the area It is a simple filter made from PVC drum having a layer
of roof. Six inches dia. pipe is enough for a 1500
of sponge in the middle of drum. It is the easiest and
Sq. Ft. roof and 8 inches dia. pipe should be used
for roofs more then 1500 Sq. Ft. Pipe is divided cheapest form filter, suitable for residential units.
into three compartments by wire mesh. Each
component should be filled with gravel and sand
alternatively as shown in the figure. A layer of
charcoal could also be inserted between two
layers. The filter should be provided with
necessary inlet and outlet. This filter could be
placed horizontally or vertically in the system.

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 RECHARGING GROUND WATER AQUIFERS

Ground water aquifers can be recharged by various kinds of structures to

ensure percolation of rainwater in the ground instead of draining away

from the surface. Commonly used recharging methods are: -

1) Recharging bore wells

2) Recharge pits

3) Soak ways or Recharge Shafts

4)Recharging dug well

5) Recharge Trench

6) Percolation Tank

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 RECHARGING GROUND WATER AQUIFERS
RECHARGING BORE WELLS

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 RECHARGING GROUND WATER AQUIFERS
RECHARGE PITS

Recharge pits are small pits of any shape rectangular,

square or circular, contracted with brick or stone
masonry wall with weep hole at regular intervals. top
of pit can be covered with perforated covers. Bottom
of pit should be filled with filter media.
The capacity of the pit can be designed on the basis of
catchment area, rainfall intensity and recharge rate of
soil. Usually the dimensions of the pit may be of 1 to 2
m width and 2 to 3 m deep. These pits are suitable for
recharging of shallow aquifers, and small houses.

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 RECHARGING GROUND WATER AQUIFERS
SOAK AWAYS RECHARGING OF DUG WELLS
Soak away or recharge shafts are provided Dug well can be used as recharge structure. Rainwater from
where upper layer of soil is alluvial or less
the rooftop is diverted to dug wells after passing it through
pervious. These are bored hole of 30 cm
filtration bed. Cleaning and desalting of dug well should be
dia. up to 10 to 15 m deep, depending on
depth of pervious layer. Bore should be done regularly to enhance the recharge rate. The filtration
lined with slotted/perforated PVC/MS pipe method suggested for bore well recharging could be used.
to prevent collapse of the vertical sides. At
the top of soak away required size sump is
constructed to retain runoff before the
filters through soak away. Sump should be
filled with filter media.

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 RECHARGING GROUND WATER AQUIFERS
RECHARGE TRENCHES PERCOLATION TANKS

It is a trench excavated on the ground and refilled with porous media

like pebbles, boulder or brickbats. it is usually made for harvesting the
surface runoff.
The length of the trench is decided as per the amount of runoff
expected. This method is suitable for small houses, playgrounds, parks
and roadside drains.
The recharge trench can be of size 0.50 to 1.0 m wide and 1.0 to 1.5 m
deep.

Percolation tanks are the surface tanks, which can be

built, in big campuses where land is available and
topography is suitable.
Surface run-off and roof top water can be diverted to
this tank. Water accumulating in the tank percolates
in the soil to augment(to increase the amount) the
ground water.
The stored water can be used directly for gardening
and raw use.
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 RAIN WATER HARVESTING METHOD

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 RAIN WATER HARVESTING METHOD

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 RAIN WATER HARVESTING METHOD

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 Multi-storied complexes Percolation Pit with Bore method
Individual houses Existing Open well
 Rainwater from the terrace is diverted to the  Construct one unit for 300 sq. Ft. area (approx.)
existing open well using PVC pipes through a  Construct a chamber of size 1 m x 1m x 1m
filter chamber.
 The minimum size of the filter chamber is 2.5'  A bore hole is to be drilled at the bottom of the
x 2.5' x 2.5' filled with broken bricks/ blue percolation pit
metal / pebbles and sand on the top.
 The chamber may be covered with RCC slab.  Borehole size 150 - 300mm dia with 10 - 15 ft. depth
Filled with broken bricks/blue metal/pebbles Suitable for
clay area.

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 TYPES OF PIPES Copper Pipe –
PVC PIPES-
CPVC PIPES- PEX PIPES-
PVC stand for Polyvinyl CPVC stands for This type of pipe is mostly used for
PEX stands for Cross-
Chloride. This type of pipe Chlorinated Polyvinyl hot and cold water distribution as
linked polyethylene. PEX
has a wide variety of Chloride. This type of pipe well as being regularly used in
is commonly used for
plumbing uses from can stand temperatures up HVAC systems for refrigerant lines.
hot and cold water in
drainage pipe to water to about 180 degrees (this Copper piping works in both
homes due to its
mains. It is most commonly depends on the schedule) or underground and aboveground
resistance to hot and
used for irrigation piping, so and can be used for hot applications, but copper can be
cold temperatures.
home, and building supply and cold water inside of a affected by some soils and should
PEX is widely used now
piping. PVC is also very house or mobile home. be sleeved if used underground.
for its competitive
common in pool and spa CPVC is the same outside Due to the price of copper and
pricing, ease of use, and
systems. PVC is often white diameter as copper longer labor needed to install,
the long rolls of piping
but it can also come in a Like with PVC you should many builders are switching to
that it can come in.
wide variety of colours. use primer and a glue when alternative water distributions
making a CPVC joint. piping like PEX. Copper comes in
different thicknesses which are
labeled M, L, and K. M is the
thinnest grade of copper. Copper is
connected by bonding pipe into the
fittings.

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