EXAMINATION ON

POLYGRAPH

GROUP 1

LIE DETECTION TECHNIQUES: LECTURE III

 THE REPORTERS:
JESSIE DAVE DELA YSLA
JOHN STEPHEN EMPAS
ZEUS GONZALES
PRINCE KARL LERONA
KEVIN DAYLE MELENDREZ
ANGELIKA MONTARDE
CHRISTDALE PODICO
JIMUEL VISTRO
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
TO KNOW THE POLYGRAPH
COMPONENTS AND
ATTACHMENTS
TO KNOW THE IMPORTANCE OF
THE POLYGRAPH TO US HUMANS

TO KNOW THE PROCESS IN THE

POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
 The Polygraph Component Attachment and Where to Attach:

1. Pneumo 1- to be placed at the abdomen

2. Pneumo 2- to be attached at the chest/thoracic.
3. Galvano- is attached at the index and ring fingers on the left hand.
4. Cardiosphygmograph- BP cuff to be fastened on the right hand of the subject.
THE EXAMINATION ROOM
 THE EXAMINATION ROOM
When conducting an examination, the room is one essential factor that leads to the
smooth execution of the test and that the following MUST be considered;
• The room must be private and free from all outside noise and detracting influences.
• Adequately lightened and well-ventilated.
• Devoid of pictures, paintings, decors, or other ornaments.
• Preferably sound proof.
• Without any furniture other than a polygraph desk and chair.
• Subject’s chair with armrest and an examiner’s stool.
• With a one-way mirror and remote sound system for monitoring the test proceedings
to an authorized audience.
THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
 THE POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
One important personality in the conduct of polygraph tests is the presence of a competent,
knowledgeable, and honest examiner who MUST possess the following;
• TECHNICALLY- he must have knowledge of the instrument and its capabilities and
limitations.
• MORALLY- he must maintain high personal integrity and increase personal proficiency
through constant study and research.
• He constantly bears in mind his primary obligation to his subject which is to afford them all
possible safeguards against error and must not accept any subject whose physical or mental
health or state makes him unfit.
• He is an impartial seeker of truth.
• Never allow his personal feelings, sympathies, or prejudices to influence the results of the
examination.
SELECTION OF TEST SUBJECT
 SELECTION OF TEST SUBJECT
In the administration of polygraph examination, the condition of the subject is also an
important factor to get good results of the test.
 Permanet physical illnesses such as mental derangement, a certain heart condition, breathing
disorder, and addiction to narcotic drugs are definite causes that make a person unfit for a
polygraph test.
 Temporary illness and conditions such as sickness, injury, pain, physical discomfort, external
physical or mental fatigue, cold, coughs, fever, allergies and influences of sedatives and liquor
are causes for deferment of the test until such time that the subject regains his ordinary
physical condition.
 SELECTION OF TEST SUBJECT
In the administration of polygraph examination, the condition of the subject is also an
important factor to get good results of the test.
 Treatment of the subject before being asked to make or while awaiting a test affects the
success of the examination.
 Prolonged interrogation with constant accusations directed against the subject may condition
him to react falsely to the test or may result in a flat emotionless chart.
 A person’s daily habit should not be upset more than necessary. The long delay should be
avoided.
PSYCHOLOGICAL & PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF LYING
 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
LYING
The indications of any of the signs when a person is lying manifest the presence of guilt. These
may be observed as:
• SWEATING- the subject may experience this and be accompanied with a flushed face
indicating anger, embarrassment, or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a paled face may
indicate a shock of fear. Sweating hands indicate tension.
• COLOR CHANGE- this may be seen if the subject’s face is flushed, it may indicate anger,
embarrassment, or shame. A pale face is a more common sign of guilt
 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
LYING
The indications of any of the signs when a person is lying manifest the presence of guilt. These
may be observed as:
• DRYNESS OF THE MOUTH- The subject’s nervous tension causes reflex inhibition of
salivary secretion and consequently dryness of the mouth. This causes continuous swallowing
and licking of the lips.
• EXCESSIVE ACTIVITY OF THE ADAM’S APPLE- The examiner may notice the subject on
account of the dryness of the throat aside from the mouth, the subject will swallow saliva from
the mouth and this causes the frequent upward and downward movement of Adam’s apple.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
LYING
The indications of any of the signs when a person is lying manifest the presence of guilt. These
may be observed as:
• FIDGETING- During the examination, the subject is constantly moving about in the chair pulling
his ears, rubbing his face, picking and tweaking the nose, crossing or uncrossing the legs, rubbing
the hair, eye, eyebrows, biting or snapping of fingernails. These are indicators of nervous tension.
• PECULIAR FEELING INSIDE- The subject will not be at ease because there is a sensation of
lightness of the head and the subject is confused. This is the result of his troubled conscience.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
LYING
The indications of any of the signs when a person is lying manifest the presence of guilt. These
may be observed as:
• SWEARING TO THE TRUTHFULNESS OF HIS ASSERTION- As observed, usually a guilty subject
frequently utters such expressions “believe me I am telling the truth” or “you can kill me if I am lying”
“cross my heart”… etc. Such expressions are given to make forceful and convincing the assertion of
innocence.
• SPOTLESS RECORD- The subject may assert that it is not possible for him to do “anything like that” in
as much as he is a religious man and that he has a spotless record or no record or involvement at illegal
activities as a church leader or Pastor.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF
LYING
The indications of any of the signs when a person is lying manifest the presence of guilt. These
may be observed as:
• INABILITY TO LOOK AT THE INVESTIGATOR “STRAIGHT IN THE EYE”- The subject does not
like to look at the investigator for fear that his guilt may be seen in his eyes. He will rather look at the
floor or ceiling.
• “NOT THAT I REMEMBER” EXPRESSION- The subject will resort to the use of “Not that I Remember
or Not I do not know” expression when answering to be evasive or to avoid committing something
prejudicial to him.
LIE OR GIVING DISHONEST ANSWER
 LIE OR GIVING DISHONEST ANSWER
Explaining and reasoning out, digressing an answer, confusing anyone, muddling, and fumbling of
statements are all considered as confirmations and avowals of false-testimonies. To fully understand what is
lie, below are the common terms used.
• In layman’s word, Lie is also called PREVARICATION
• It is a type of deception in the form of an untruthful statement to deceive, with further intention to
maintain a secret or reputation to protect someone’s feelings from getting hurt, or to avoid punishment.
• It is an act of giving a malicious and nasty statement.
• It may come as an untruthful confession during the conversations.
 KEY FACTS:
In forensic science, one must understand the role of
the examiner and the subject including the extracted
evidence using the polygraph machine as an
instrument in aid of investigation.
THEORY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION
A. THEORY OF POLYGRAPH EXAMINATION:
In polygraph examination, the essential and underlying theory is
that when people lie they also get measurably and noticeably
nervous about lying as shown in their external body. The central
nervous system reacts such as heartbeat increases, blood pressure
goes up, breathing rhythm change, perspiration increases, etc. A
baseline for these physiological characteristics is established by
asking the subject questions whose answers the investigator knows.
Deviation observed from the baseline for truthfulness is taken as a
sign of lying.
B. FOUR PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
Every activity to perform must have a clear procedure to guide
both the examiner and the examinee. The examination is guided
by these steps.
1. Initial Interview
2. Pre-test Interview
3. Actual Examination- interrogation and recording through the
instrument.
4. Post-Test Interrogation/Interview
B. FOUR PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
1. Initial Interview with the Investigator
Test questions are formulated by the polygraph examiner based
on the information obtained by the investigator to his/her subject.
General facts, theories and suspicions are not enough bases for a
polygraph test. Question formulation depends greatly upon
detailed, accurate, and precise information regarding all the
available facts. After which, the investigator shall prepare the
questions and they must be answerable by “Yes or No”.
B. FOUR PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
1. Initial Interview with the Investigator
Examples:
i. Is your name Pedro Kho Knoh?- (IR)
ii. Are you from the Philippines?- (IR)
iii. Do you know that a shooting incident was committed in
your town?- (RQ)
iv. Were you informed of the incident by your friend?- (RQ)
v. Are you going to answer truthfully all the questions that I
am going to ask you?-(SRQ)
THE INVESTIGATOR-ON-CASE (IOC) should
personally inform the examiner of such facts as:
• Unpublicized facts of the offense known only to the victim, the
investigator, and the offender.
• Specific articles or the exact amount of money stolen.
• Exact time and place the offense occurred.
• Peculiar aspects of the offense or any strange or obscene acts
committed at the scene.
• Known fact’s about a suspect’s action or movements immediately
preceding or after the incidents.
THE INVESTIGATOR-ON-CASE (IOC) should
personally inform the examiner of such facts as:
• Facts indicating a connection between suspects, victims, witnesses,
especially when they deny any connection.
• The exact type of firearm, weapon, or tool used.
• Results of laboratory test if any.
• Background information particularly previous police record or verifies
facts which subjects deny.
• That only facts taken from the examinee will be asked.
B. FOUR PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
2. Pre-Test Interview
Before polygraph examination, both the examiner and examinee
must be cognizant and conscious about what to be done during the
actual inquiry. The following must be observed.
• Before the actual testing is done, the examiner must first make
an informal interview of the subject which may last from 20 to 30
minutes.
• To condition the subject psychologically for the test.
• The subject is apprised of his constitutional rights.
• A written consent which must be free and voluntarily given is
taken.
B. FOUR PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
2. Pre-Test Interview
Below are the purpose of the Pre-test Interview .
• To determine whether the subject has any medical or psychiatric
condition or has used drugs that will prevent the testing.
• To explain to the subject the purpose of the examination.
• To develop test questions, particularly those of the types to be asked.
• To relieve the truthful subject of any apprehension as well as to satisfy
the deceptive subject as to the efficiency of the technique.
• To know any anti-social activity or criminal record of the subject.
B. FOUR PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
3. Actual Polygraph Examination
The results of every examination are based on the competence,
knowledge, and skills of the examiner as well as the condition of the
subject and the instrument or the machine to be used. The competency
of the examiner is very vital so far as the truthful statement shall be
gotten. This will rely on the capability of the examiner to use the
polygraph machines which involves the;
• Attachment of Instrument
• Recording the Results
• Interpretation of Graphs and
• Making/Preparing the report/s
B. FOUR PHASES OF POLYGRAPH
EXAMINATION
4. POST-TEST INTERROGATION
When the finding is not convincing and it seems that there is still a
need to include some other elements, the examiner may opt to have
this post-test interrogation or examination to;
• To clarify the findings.
• To learn if there are any other reasons for the subjects responding to
a relevant question, other than the knowledge of the crime.
• To obtain additional information and admission for law
enforcement purposes, if the results suggest deception and,
• To still observe the physiological condition of the subject
LIMITATIONS AND PRINCIPAL USES OF POLYGRAPH
 LIMITATIONS AND PRINCIPAL USES OF POLYGRAPH
Man is made to commit mistakes and is aware of his/her
limitations. Nonetheless, mistakes have been made in common
and are repeatedly done. Similarly, machines or instruments
have their restrictions too, especially when the manipulator is
not so familiar and things to him/her are peculiar. It is therefore
relevant that these be made as reminders.
 LIMITATIONS AND PRINCIPAL USES OF POLYGRAPH
1. It is an invaluable investigation aid, but never a substitute for investigation.
2. It is a lie detector; it is not a scientific diagnostic instrument.
3. It does not determine facts; it records responses to that which the subject knows to be true.
4. It is only as accurate as the examiner is competent.
MORAL QUALITIES & TECHNICAL QUALIFICATIONS OF A POLYGRAPH
EXAMINER
 During the court presentation, one of the facts that the court will first
establish is the technical qualifications of a polygraph examiner and the
following are considered:
1. Must be a College Degree Holder
2.Must have a polygraph training/s
3.Must adhere to the Code of Ethics and Standards and Principles of the
American Polygraph Association
THE RESPONSIBILITIES OF A
POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
 RESPONSIBILITIES OF A POLYGRAPH EXAMINER
Similar to other functions and responsibilities of a regular
worker, the polygraph examiner must not forget the enormity or
gravity of his job to;
• The Subject- fairness, impartiality, and objectivity.
• His Organization- faith and loyalty.
• Himself and Others- Always objectivity over subjectivity.
RIGHTS OF THE POLYGRAPH SUBJECT
RIGHTS OF THE POLYGRAPH SUBJECT
 RIGHTS OF THE POLYGRAPH SUBJECT

Considering the rights of the accused guaranteed by the Philippine Constitution during the
polygraph examination, the same must be observed, and below are the specific rights of the
examinee.
1. Right to be examined by a qualified polygraph expert/operator.
2. Right to be determined fit for examination.
3. Right to be informed of the reason for the lie detector test.
4. Right to have an explanation of the lie detector instrument and what it does.
5. Right to consent to the lie-detector test.
 RIGHTS OF THE POLYGRAPH SUBJECT

Considering the rights of the accused guaranteed by the Philippine Constitution

during the polygraph examination, the same must be observed, and below are the
specific rights of the examinee.
6. He must not be compelled to undergo prolonged questioning.
7. Must not be exposed to physical abuse.
8. Must not be exposed to oral vilification or abuse.
9. Right to refuse to submit lie-detector test.
10. Must not be exposed to mental or psychological abuse.
THANKTHANK
YOU YOU!