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    First and Second Trimester: Dep. Anatomi FK USU 2020

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    121 FK Johnson Kannady
    This document discusses the formation of tissues and organ systems during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. It explains that the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) differentiate into the four basic tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous) through a process called organogenesis. During the second trimester, rapid growth and differentiation occurs as organ systems fully form. Certain birth defects can result if the embryo is exposed to teratogens like alcohol during critical periods of development in the early weeks.

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    First and Second Trimester: Dep. Anatomi FK USU 2020

    Uploaded by

    121 FK Johnson Kannady
    14 views51 pages
    This document discusses the formation of tissues and organ systems during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. It explains that the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) differentiate into the four basic tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous) through a process called organogenesis. During the second trimester, rapid growth and differentiation occurs as organ systems fully form. Certain birth defects can result if the embryo is exposed to teratogens like alcohol during critical periods of development in the early weeks.

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    AO K-3

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    This document discusses the formation of tissues and organ systems during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. It explains that the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) differentiate into the four basic tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous) through a process called organogenesis. During the second trimester, rapid growth and differentiation occurs as organ systems fully form. Certain birth defects can result if the embryo is exposed to teratogens like alcohol during critical periods of development in the early weeks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    14 views51 pages

    First and Second Trimester: Dep. Anatomi FK USU 2020

    Uploaded by

    121 FK Johnson Kannady
    This document discusses the formation of tissues and organ systems during the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. It explains that the three germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm) differentiate into the four basic tissues (epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous) through a process called organogenesis. During the second trimester, rapid growth and differentiation occurs as organ systems fully form. Certain birth defects can result if the embryo is exposed to teratogens like alcohol during critical periods of development in the early weeks.

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    First and Second Trimester

    Dep. Anatomi FK USU 2020


    Formation of Tissues of the
    Body
    • Functional differentiation of cells of germ layers and organogenesis
    takes place during the embryonic period.
    • Germ layers are:
    The ectoderm differentiates into surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm and
    neural crest cells.
    The endoderm contributes for the formation of digestive and respiratory
    systems.
    The intraembryonic mesoderm is divided into three parts, i.e. paraxial,
    intermediate and lateral plate mesoderm. The musculoskeletal, blood
    vascular and parts of urinary and genital systems develop from them.
    The four basic tissues of the human body are
    derivatives of germ layers.
    1) Epithelial tissue: Epithelium consists of cells arranged in the form of
    continuous sheets. Epithelia line the external and internal surfaces
    of the body and of body cavities.
    2) Connective tissue: Connective tissue proper includes loose
    connective tissue, dense connective tissue and adipose tissue.
    Blood, cartilage and bone are special connective tissues.
    3) Muscular tissue: three types: (1) skeletal, (2) cardiac and (3)
    smooth.
    4) Nervous tissue: consists of neurons (nerve cells), nerve cell
    processes (axons and dendrites) and cells of neuroglia
    • At the beginning of the fetal period (9th week to 3rd month), the
    embryo has developed into a recognizable human being and the
    primordia of all organ system have formed.
    • Fetal period → t h e rapid growth in body size and toward
    differentiation of tissues, organs and organ systems.
     the growth of the head is slow as compared to that of the
    rest of body.
    At the beginning of 3rd month, the head is half the CRL (Crown-rump length),
    while at birth it is about one-fourth of CRL.
     Fetal weight gain is very rapid in the last month of pregnancy.
    Clinical
    correlation
    The embryo is highly sensitive to teratogens during 15th to 18th day
    (3rd week/ gastrulation period) of development as the primitive streak
    and its derivatives will be affected.
    Holoprosencephaly; the forebrain is small and the two lateral
    ventricles fuse into a single cavity,the eyes are closely placed
    (hypertelorism). High doses of alcohol in the mother can cause this
    condition.
    Caudal dysgenesis (Sirenomelia);
    Deficiency of mesoderm in the caudal part
    of the embryo that normally contributes for
    the formation of lower limbs, urogenital
    system and lumbosacral vertebrae. → T h e
    child is born with fused lower limbs and
    presents renal, genital and vertebral
    anomalies including imperforate anus.
    → T h i s condition is more common in
    mother with diabetes
    Sacrococcygeal teratoma; Persistence of
    pluripotent cells of primitive streak at the
    caudal end of embryonic disc after 4th
    week of gestation gives rise to a large
    tumor called sacrococcygeal teratoma.
    → c a u s e obstruction during labor and
    is usually malignant. It has to be
    removed within 6 months after birth.
    EMBRIOLOGY TIME
    LINE
    Second Trimester

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