5.5 Palm Oil

By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
•Describe the structure of palm oil fruit.

•Identify the quantity of oil from pulp and kernel.
•Explain in order the process of palm oil extraction in
industry.
•Describes components of palm oil.
•Compare and contrast the composition of palm oil with
other vegetable oils.
5.5 PALM OIL •State the chemical properties of palm oil

•Explain the emulsification process of palm oil.
•List the nutritional content of palm oil.
•Justify the use of palm oil in healthcare and food.
•Carry out an experiment to produce soap through
saponification process.
•Communicate about the cleansing action of soap.
•Generate ideas on sustainable management and their
importance in the palm oil industry.
Structure of Oil Palm Fruit
The oil palm fruit is made up of

three parts, namely:
• pulp (mesocarp) which
contains the most palm oil
• kernel which contains the
best quality palm kernel oil
• shell (endocarp) which does
notcontain oil
Activity 5.9 (page 160 textbook)
• To observe the structure of

the oil palm fruit and identify
the quantity aspect of oil
from pulp and kernel
QUESTIONS
1. What is the aim of boiling the oil palm fruits?

To soften the pulp of the oil palm fruit
2. What is the difference in the quantity of oil extracted from the pulp
and the kernel?
The quantity of oil extracted from the pulp is more than the quantity of
oil extracted from the kernel.
3. State the difference in colour of the oil extracted from the pulp with
the oil extracted from the kernel.
Oil extracted from the pulp is red while oil extracted from the kernel is
white or yellow.
Sequence in the Industrial Extraction
Process of Palm Oil
Components of Palm Oil
• Palm oil is made up of

two parts, namely
glycerol and various
types of fatty acids
• Palm oil is made up of
saturated fatty acids such
as palmitic acid and
stearic acid,as well as
unsaturated fatty acids
such as oleic acid and
linoleic acid.
Composition of Palm Oil
and Other Vegetable Oils
• Table 5.3
Comparing and
contrasting the
composition of palm
oil with other
vegetable oils
The Chemical Properties of Palm Oil
• (a) Oxidation
• Oxidation of palm oil occurs when its oil molecules combine with oxygen
in the air or from other reactants. The oxidation of palm oil produces
free radicals and compounds which are harmful to human health.
• (b) Hydrolysis
• Hydrolysis occurs in palm oil when palm oil molecules react with water.
In the hydrolysis process, the reaction between palm oil and water
produces glycerol and fatty acids.
• (c) Esterification
• Esterification of palm oil occurs when its fatty acid molecules react with
alcohol toproduce ester (methyl ester), that is palm oil biodiesel.
Emulsification Process of
Palm Oil
• The emulsification of palm

oil is a process where palm
oil is broken into smaller
droplets.
• This increases the total
surface area of the palm
oil.
• The emulsification of palm
oil by bile juice is shown in
the video on the right.
Nutritional Content of Palm Oil
http://www.palmoilworld.org/nutrition.html
The nutritional content of palm oil are as follows:

(a) Fats
• Palm oil is a balanced oil with the same amount of saturated fats and unsaturated fats (Table
5.3).
(b) Vitamins
• Palm oil is a rich source of vitamin E and vitamin A.
(c) Antioxidants
• Palm oil contains antioxidants such as carotene and vitamin E which slow down or stop the
oxidation process.
(d) Substances in palm oil which constitute less than 1%
• Among the substances contained in palm oil include sterol, phosphatides, triterpene and
aliphatic alcohols. These substances add nutritional value, stability and facilitate the filtration
of oil.
Use of Palm Oil in Healthcare and Food
• Besides a balanced content of saturated fats and unsaturated fats, palm oil
contains many nutrients suitable for use in various types of food such as
cooking oil, vegetable oil, margarine and chocolate.
• Palm oil is also used to make non-food substances (Photograph 5.7).
Soap Production
• Soap is a fatty acid salt normally produced through the reaction between
palm oil and concentrated alkali (concentrated sodium hydroxide or
concentrated potassium hydroxide) as in the following word equation:
Experiment
5.1
(pg 167 –
168)
To produce soap through
saponification
Molecular Components of Soap
Soap molecules are made up

of two parts (Figure 5.26),
namely:
(a) the ‘head’ or
‘hydrophilic’ part which can
dissolve in water and is made
up of an ionic group.
(b) the ‘tail’ or
‘hydrophobic’ part which
cannot dissolve in water but
can dissolve in oil or grease.
This part is made up of a
hydrocarbon chain.
Cleansing Action of Soap
(a) when soap dissolves in water, the (b) the hydrophobic part of the soap
surface tension of the water is molecules will dissolve and attach to
reduced. Therefore, the surface of the greasy dirt on the cloth surface
cloth becomes completely wet with while the hydrophilic part will dissolve
soap water. in water (Figures 5.27(a) and (b)).
(c) scrubbing and brushing the cloth
will dislodge the greasy dirt from
the cloth surface to form greasy
droplets that are surrounded by
soap molecules and suspended in
soapy water (Figure 5.27(c)).
(d) soap bubbles produced by soapy water trap greasy droplets in

the soapy water. When the soapy water and bubbles are removed
during rinsing, the greasy dirt will also be removed as well. In this
way, soap removes greasy dirt and cleans the cloth.
Sustainable Management
and its Importance in the
Palm Oil Industry
The scope of sustainable

management and its importance
in the palm oil industry include:
(a) Land use
• Replanting is carried out to
optimise land use.
(b) Wastewater
• Palm oil mill effluent (POME)
(Photograph 5.8) produced
from sterilization processes are
made into organic fertilisers
and biogas energy substances.
Sustainable Management and its Importance
in the Palm Oil Industry
(c) Air quality

• The quality of air improves when carbon dioxide is absorbed and
oxygen is released by oil palm trees during photosynthesis.
(d) Oil palm waste
• Sustainable management of oil palm industry normally practises
zero waste concept by converting oil palm waste into various types
of useful products (Figure 5.28).
Formative Practice 5.5
1. Name the oil extracted from the following parts of the oil palm fruit:
(a) Pulp = Palm oil
(b) Kernel = Palm kernel oil
2. Why are the oil palm fruits steamed before oil is extracted?
To kill microorganisms which can spoil the palm oil fruits
3. What are the reactants that react with palm oil in the following processes?
(a) Hydrolysis = Water
(b) Esterification = Alcohol
4. Name two antioxidants found in palm oil.
Carotene, vitamin E
END OF CHAPTER 5
REMEMBER TO COMPLETE YOUR NOTES AND ANSWER QUESTION

FROM YOUR SCIENCE PROCESS BOOK
THANK YOU
SEE YOU IN THE NEXT CHAPTER !

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By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:

•Describe the structure of palm oil fruit.

5.5 PALM OIL •State the chemical properties of palm oil

The oil palm fruit is made up of

• To observe the structure of

1. What is the aim of boiling the oil palm fruits?

• Palm oil is made up of

• The emulsification of palm

The nutritional content of palm oil are as follows:

Soap molecules are made up

(d) soap bubbles produced by soapy water trap greasy droplets in

The scope of sustainable

(c) Air quality

REMEMBER TO COMPLETE YOUR NOTES AND ANSWER QUESTION

SEE YOU IN THE NEXT CHAPTER !

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