The document discusses heating and cooling curves, which graphically represent how a sample's temperature and phase change as heat is added or removed over time. Key parts of the heating curve include the solid-liquid and liquid-gas phase change plateaus where heat is used to overcome molecular forces rather than increase temperature. Calculations using the curves allow determining energy changes during heating and cooling.
The document discusses heating and cooling curves, which graphically represent how a sample's temperature and phase change as heat is added or removed over time. Key parts of the heating curve include the solid-liquid and liquid-gas phase change plateaus where heat is used to overcome molecular forces rather than increase temperature. Calculations using the curves allow determining energy changes during heating and cooling.
The document discusses heating and cooling curves, which graphically represent how a sample's temperature and phase change as heat is added or removed over time. Key parts of the heating curve include the solid-liquid and liquid-gas phase change plateaus where heat is used to overcome molecular forces rather than increase temperature. Calculations using the curves allow determining energy changes during heating and cooling.
The document discusses heating and cooling curves, which graphically represent how a sample's temperature and phase change as heat is added or removed over time. Key parts of the heating curve include the solid-liquid and liquid-gas phase change plateaus where heat is used to overcome molecular forces rather than increase temperature. Calculations using the curves allow determining energy changes during heating and cooling.
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HEATING AND
COOLING CURVES
Credit to: Harry S. Truman High School Chemistry Department What are some things that happen as we heat a sample up? Solid Liquid Gas Melting, Evaporating Increase in entropy
(what is entropy?) Entropy is a state function that is often erroneously referred to as the 'state of disorder' of a system simply a measure how much the energy of atoms and molecules become more spread out in a process What is heat? How is heat different from temperature? Heat is a measure of kinetic or translational energy Inchemistry heat is measure in Joules (J) Heat is dependent on mass, temperature change and specific heat (or ability of a substance to absorb heat) Temperature is a measure of warmth or coldness. Temperature is independent of heat Temperature is measured in Kelvin (K) or Celsius (C) Joule What is the heating curve? The heating curve is a graph which represents how a sample changes phases. As heat is added over time, the sample changes temperature and phase accordingly. How does the heating curve look? What are the parts of the heating curve? What are the parts of the heating curve? What are the parts of the heating curve? What are the parts of the heating curve? What are the parts of the heating curve? What are the parts of the heating curve? Why is the curve flat at some portions? Temperature is staying constant, but potential energy is decreasing During this time the solid completely becomes liquid (or liquid becomes solid) Why is the curve flat at some points? This is called the heat of fusion (Hf) in segment BC and heat of vaporization (Hv) in segment DE. Remember fusion is melting and vaporization is evaporation What is heat of fusion? What is heat of vaporization? Hf is the amount of energy needed to completely make a solid into a liquid Hv is the amount of energy needed to completely make a liquid into a gas In both cases you are adding enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction betweeen the molecules How do we calculate the energy changes that occur on the flat portions? We use heat of fusion (Hf) in segment BC and heat of vaporization (Hv) in segment DE. (for BC) Q= mH f (for DE) Q= mH v Cooling Curve Cooling Curve from steam to ice a mirror image of the heating curve starts at a high temperature and have downward diagonals The diagonals alternate with plateaus flat lines are the enthalpy of condensation and freezing during cooling, we remove heat energy So, all our Q values will be negative. Calculations Constants needed are: CH O = 4.18 J/gK, Cice= 2
2.06 J/gK, Csteam= 2.00 J/gK, Hf = 334J/g, Hv=
2260 J/g You have a 23.0 g sample of H2O at 227K. How many joules if heat energy are necessary to: a)Heat the ice to 273K? b)Melt the ice? c)Heat the water to 373K? d)Boil the water? e)Heat the steam from 373K to 381K? f)Locate each part of the question on the curve Solution a)Heat the ice to 273K? Q=mC∆T Q= ? m= 23.0 g C= 2.06J/gK ∆T = 273K- 227K = 46K Q= 23.0g x 2.06 J/gK x 46K Q= 2,180J Solution b. Melt the ice? Q= mHf m= 23.0g Hf= 334 J/g Q= 23.0g x 334 J/g Q= 7,682 J Solution c. Heat the water to 373K Q=mC∆T Q= ? m= 23.0 g C= 4.18J/gK ∆T = 373K -227K = 146K Q= 23.0g x4.18J/gK x 146K= Q= 14,036.44J Solution d) Boil the water Q= mHv Q= ? m= 23.0g Hv = 2260 J/g Q= 23.0g x 2260J/g Q= 51,980J Solution e) Heat the steam from 373K to 381K Q=mC∆T Q= ? m= 23.0 g C= 2.00J/gK ∆T = 381K -373K = 8K Q= 23.0g x 2.00J/gK x 8K= Q= 368J Solution f) locate each part of the question on the curve d e
a Summary The heating curve is a useful tool to show us the changes in temperature, energy, and entropy as a sample is heated up. It give us detailed information about phases and phase changes of samples.
