CNC Machine

CNC
MACHINE
CONTENTS
1. HISTORY
2. CNC INTRODUCTION
3. ELEMENTS OF CNC
4. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CNC
. TYPES OF CNC MACHINE
6. HOW CNC WORKS?
7. FEATURES OF CNC MACHINES
8. CNC PROGRAMMING BASICS
9. COMMON FORMAT OF A BLOCK
10. PROGRAMMING KEY LETTERS
11. ADVANTAGES
12. CHALLENGES
13. CONCLUSION
14. REFERENCES
HISTORY
• The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s by

Prof. John T Parson.
• CNC machine came into existence after evolution of computer
around 1980.
• Modern CNC Machine are improving further as the technology
is changing with a variety of functions according to
applications.
CNC
INTRODUCTION
A numerical control
system in which the data
handling, control
sequences, and response
to input is determined
by an on-board
computer system at the
machine tool.
Computer Numerical Control
 Numerical control is a method of automatically

operating a manufacturing machine based on a
code of letters, numbers, and special characters.
 The numerical data required to produce a part is
provided to a machine in the form of a program,
called part program or CNC program.
 The program is translated into the appropriate
electrical signals for input to motors that run the
machine.
Why Use CNC Machines?
 Increase production
throughput
 Improve the quality and
accuracy of manufactured parts
 Stabilize manufacturing costs
 Manufacture complex or
otherwise impossible jobs -2D
and 3D contours
TYPES OF CNC
MACHINE.
• Plasma.
• Spring forming.
• Laser Cutting machine.
• Flame cutting machine.
• Electric Discharge Machine.
• Water Jet.
• Welding.
• CNC Punch Press.
Operations in CNC
CNC Milling
CNC Plasma Cutter CNC Electric Discharge

Machining 8
ELEMENTS OF CNC
MACHINE
• A CNC machine consist of following 6 major elements:

i. Input Device
ii. Machine Control Unit
iii. Machine Tool
iv. Driving System
v. Feedback Devices
vi. Display Unit
Block diagram of CNC
Machine
OPEN LOOP AND CLOSED LOOP
CONTROLS
In open loop systems the slide may overshoot or may not reach desired
position because of inertia, wear and tear and friction, hence inaccurate
machining.
In closed loop systems the position sensors are used to correct slide
movements and achieve higher accuracy and repeatability
HOW CNC
WORKS
• Controlled by G and M codes.

• These are number values and co-ordinates.
• Each number or code is assigned to a particular operation.
• Typed in manually to CAD by machine operators.
• G & M codes are automatically generated by the computer software.
FEATURES OF CNC
MACHINERY
• The tool or material moves automatically.

• Tools can operate in 1-5 axes.
• Larger machines have a machine control unit (MCU) which manages operations.
• Movement is controlled by motors (actuators).
• Feedback is provided by sensors (transducers)
• Tool magazines are used to change tools automatically.
Axes of CNC Machine Tool
15
From 3-axis to 5-axis machining
• dozens of views need to be defined

• more tool movements
• not sufficient for the • programming is quite difficult
complete • sum of all views does not cover the
finishing process for very whole geometry
deep part and having narrow • overlapping views lead to surface
cavities quality problems
• results in a bad surface • More number of lead-in and out
quality and long machining movements
times in Case of harder
material
16
Five Axis CNC
17
ADVANTAGES OF 5 AXIS CNC
 to machine complex shapes in a single setup
 reduces the machinist setup time and increases production rates
 By eliminating multiple set-ups, time and errors are reduced
 the feature-to-features accuracy is improved because the same
zero or datum reference frame is used throughout the
manufacturing process
 since simultaneous movement is allowed along the X and Y axis,
shorter and more rigid tools may be used
 higher spindle/cutting tool speeds may be achieved while
reducing the load on the cutting tool
 Shorter and thicker cutters also reduce vibration when
machining deep pockets or contoured features with three-axis
machines.
18
Application
 complex three dimensional profiles
 for impellers, turbine blades, and plastic mold
tools
19
Types of machine configurations for 5-axis
machining
Swivel Head with Traveling Column

Rotary Table Integrated Trunnion
Table
20
CNC PROGRAMMING
BASICS
• CNC instructions are called part program commands.
• When running, a part program is interpreted one command

line at a time until all lines are completed.
• Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are made up

of words which each begin with a letter address and end
with a numerical value.
CNC PROGRAMMING
Programming consists of a series
Important things to know: of instructions in form of letter codes
• Coordinate System •Preparatory Codes:

G codes- Initial machining setup and
establishing operating conditions
• Units, incremental or absolute N codes- specify program line number
positioning to executed by the MCU
• Coordinates: X,Y,Z, RX,RY,RZ • Axis Codes: X,Y,Z

Used to specify motion of the slide along
X, Y, Z direction
• Feed rate and spindle speed
•Feed and Speed Codes: F and S
• Coolant Control: On/Off, Specify feed and spindle speed
Flood,
Mist • Tool codes: T – specify tool
number
• Tool Control: Tool and tool
parameters • Miscellaneous codes – M
codes
COMMON FORMAT OF A
BLOCK
Sequence Preparatory Dimension Feed Spindle Tool Misc.

# Function Words Rate Function Function Function
N50 G90 G01 X1.40Y2.25 F10 S1500 T01 M03
Individual Words
PROGRAMMING KEY
LETTERS
• O - Program number (Used for program identification)
• N - Sequence number (Used for line identification)
• G - Preparatory function
• X - X axis designation
• Y - Y axis designation
• Z - Z axis designation
• R - Radius designation
• F – Feed rate designation
• S - Spindle speed designation
• H - Tool length offset designation
• D - Tool radius offset designation
• T - Tool Designation
• M - Miscellaneous function
Advantages of
CNC
i. - Easier to program;
ii. - Easy storage of existing programs;
iii. - Easy to change a program
iv. - Avoids human errors
v. - CNC machines are safe to operate
vi. - Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simple ones
vii. - Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines

CONCLUSION
• The advantage of a CNC system are that the operation of a

conventional machine is removed and the part production is
made automatic.
• It reduces the labor work and hence highly efficient in the
manufacturing process.
• BHEL generally uses CNC machines to achieve its manufacturing
targets. For manufacturing works of large scale it is very difficult
to work with manual machines as they are time consuming.
CNC machines have their wide scope because they are easy to
handle, the work becomes easier and jobs are done with
perfection.
REFEREN
CES
 Manual of CNC from BHEL Jhansi
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/computer_numerical_control
 http://www.motioncontrol.com/articles/gearheads-modular-
spindle-drives
 http://www.seminarprojects.com/cnc
THANK
YOU

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CNC

• The first NC machines were built in the 1940s and 1950s by

 Numerical control is a method of automatically

CNC Plasma Cutter CNC Electric Discharge

• A CNC machine consist of following 6 major elements:

• Controlled by G and M codes.

• The tool or material moves automatically.

• dozens of views need to be defined

Swivel Head with Traveling Column

• CNC instructions are called part program commands.

• When running, a part program is interpreted one command

• Commands, which are also referred to as blocks, are made up

• Coordinate System •Preparatory Codes:

• Coordinates: X,Y,Z, RX,RY,RZ • Axis Codes: X,Y,Z

Sequence Preparatory Dimension Feed Spindle Tool Misc.

N50 G90 G01 X1.40Y2.25 F10 S1500 T01 M03

ii. - Easy storage of existing programs;

iii. - Easy to change a program

iv. - Avoids human errors

v. - CNC machines are safe to operate

vi. - Complex geometry is produced as cheaply as simple ones

vii. - Usually generates closer tolerances than manual machines

• The advantage of a CNC system are that the operation of a

 Manual of CNC from BHEL Jhansi

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