CHEMICAL REACTIONS

AND EQUATIONS

CHAPTER 1
Class – 10th
 TOPICS
1) Introduction
- Experiment of burning of magnesium ribbon in air
- Characteristics of chemical reaction
2) Chemical equation and its types
- Balanced chemical equation
- Unbalanced chemical equation
3) Balancing of chemical equation
4) Types of chemical reactions
- Combination reaction
- Decomposition reaction
- Displacement reaction
- Double displacement reaction
- Oxidation and reduction reaction
(Redox reaction)
5) Corrosion and Rancidity
THINK??????
 What is a chemical reaction?
Chemical reactions are processes in which
new substances with new properties are
formed.
Example: souring of milk, formation of curd
from milk, cooking of food, rusting of iron etc.
Note:
In a chemical reaction, the nature and the
identity of the initial substance gets changes.
 THINK??????
• What happens when milk is left at room
temperature?
• When iron is exposed to humid atmosphere?
• When we cook food?
• When hydrogen gas is reacted with oxygen
gas?
Experiment of burning of magnesium ribbon in air
Experiment of burning of magnesium ribbon
in air
Substances required
• Magnesium ribbon
• Burner
• Tong
• Base stand
• Watch glass
Observation:
When magnesium ribbon is burned in air, a
white powder like substance i.e. magnesium
oxide is formed, which falls into the watch glass
Conclusion:
In this experiment, the new substance
magnesium oxide(MgO) is formed whose
property is different from the properties of
magnesium(Mg) and oxygen gas(O2).
Hence, the chemical reaction has taken
place.
Question:
Why should magnesium ribbon be cleaned
before burning in air?
Ans:-
To remove the protective layer of magnesium
oxide from the surface of magnesium ribbon.
• Magnesium is very reactive metal. When it expose to air it reacts
with oxygen to form a layer magnesium oxide (MgO) on its surface.
This layer of magnesium oxide is quite
stable and prevents further reaction of magnesium with oxygen.
The magnesium ribbon is cleaned by sand paper to remove this
layer so that the underlying metal can be used for the reaction.
Characteristics of chemical reaction
 Characteristics of chemical reaction
The important characteristics of chemical
reaction are :-
(i) Evolution of a gas
(ii) Formation of a precipitate
(iii) Change in colour
(iv) Change in temperature
(v) Change in state
(i) Evolution of gas:
Some chemical reactions are characterized
by the evolution of gas.
Ex: When zinc granules react with dilute
sulphuric acid, then zinc sulphate and
bubbles of hydrogen gas are produced.
(ii) Formation of a precipitate:
Some chemical reactions are characterized by
the Formation of a precipitate.
Example:
When potassium iodide solution is added to a
solution of lead nitrate, then a yellow
precipitate of lead iodide is formed.
(iii) Change in colour:
Some chemical reactions are characterized by
a Change in colour.
Example:
Rusting of iron
(iv) Change in temperature:
Some chemical reactions are characterized by a
Change in temperature.
Example:
When calcium oxide reacts with water, then
calcium hydroxide is formed and a lot of heat
energy is produced.
(v) Change in state:
Some chemical reactions are characterized by a
Change in state.
Example:
When wax is burned , then water and carbon
dioxide are formed.
Here, wax is a solid, water is a
Liquid and CO2 is a gas.
Chemical equation
 Chemical equation
• The method of representing chemical
reaction by the help of symbols and formulas
of the substances involved in it, is known as
chemical equation.
Ex:-
(i) When hydrogen gas is reacted with oxygen
gas, then water is produced.
Word equation:
Hydrogen + oxygen water
Chemical equation:
H
2 + O 2 2HO
(ii) When zinc granules is reacted with sulphuric
acid then zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas is
formed.
Word equation:
Zinc + sulphuric acid zinc sulphate +
Hydrogen gas
Chemical equation:
Zn + H SO
2 4 ZnSO + H
4 2
Types of chemical equation
 Types of chemical equation
There are two types of chemical equation:-
• Balanced chemical equation
• Unbalanced chemical equation
Balanced chemical equation
 Balanced chemical equation

• Those chemical equation which has an equal

number of atoms of different elements in the
reactants and products, are called balanced
chemical equation.
Ex:When zinc granules is reacted with sulphuric
acid then zinc sulphate and hydrogen gas is
formed.
Word equation:
Zinc + sulphuric acid zinc sulphate +
Hydrogen gas
Chemical equation:
Zn + H SO
2 4 ZnSO + H
4 2
Chemical equation:
Zn + H SO
2 4 ZnSO + H
4 2

As, the number of atoms of each element is the

same on both sides of the arrow. Hence, it is
balanced chemical quation.
 Unbalanced chemical equation
• Those chemical equation which has an unequal number of
atoms of one or more elements in the reactants and products,
are known as unbalanced chemical equation.
Ex:

Here, the number of atoms of atoms of each element is different

in reactant and product. So, it is unbalanced chemical equation
 Why do we need to balance chemical equation?

Chemical equations are balanced to follow the

law of conservation of mass principle.
Law of conservation of mass states that mass
can neither be created nor be destroyed.
 Balancing of chemical equation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Making chemical equation more informative

We can make chemical equation more informative

by the following ways:-
By indicating their physical states
By indicating the heat changes
By indicating the condition under which the
reaction has taken place.
 By indicating their physical states
We can indicate the physical state of the
substance as Solid (s)
liquid (l)
Gas (g)
Aqueous (aq)
Ex: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O (l)
CaO (s) + H2O (l) Ca(OH)2 (aq)
 By indicating the heat changes
In terms of heat changes there are two types of
reaction –
(i)Endothermic reaction
(ii)Exothermic reaction
(i) Endothermic reaction – The chemical reaction
in which heat is involved in it is called
endothermic reaction.
Ex: 2FeSO4 Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
or
2FeSO4 heat Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
(ii) Exothermic reaction
The chemical reaction in which heat is evolved is
called exothermic reaction.
Ex: Burning of coal
C + O2 CO2 + Heat
or,
C + O2 CO2 +
By indicating the condition under which the
reaction has taken place.
Page 6 ( Intext Questions)
Types of chemical reactions
(i) Combination reaction
(ii)Decomposition reaction
(iii)Displacement reaction
(iv)Double displacement reaction
(v)Oxidation and reduction reaction
(Redox reaction)
(i) COMBINATION REACTION
(ii) DECOMPOSITION REACTION
(iii) Displacement reaction
(iv) Double displacement reaction
(v) OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTION
 (i) COMBINATION REACTION
Those reaction in which two or more
substances combine to form a single
substance, are called combination reaction.
Example:
(i) Magnesium and oxygen combine to give a
single substance magnesium oxide.
Mg + O2 MgO
(ii)

(iii)
(iii)

(iv) Ammonia reacts with Hydrochloric acid

NH3 + HCl NH4Cl
 (ii) DECOMPOSITION REACTION
Those reactions in which a compound splits up
into two or more simpler substances are known
as decomposition reaction.
This can be carried out by heat, light or
electricity.
BY
HEAT
By electrolysis:
2H2O 2H2 + O2
By sunlight:
(iii) Displacement reaction
Those reaction in which one element takes the
place of another element in a compound, are
known as displacement reaction.
In this more reactive element displaces a less
reactive element.
Ex:
(iv) Double displacement reaction
Those reactions in which there is exchange of
ions between the reactants are called double
displacement reaction.

Example: (i)
(ii) AgNO3 + NaCl NaNO3 + AgCl
(iii) BaCl2 + CuSO4 CuCl2 + BaSO4
(v) OXIDATION AND REDUCTION REACTION

Oxidation:
(i) The addition of oxygen to a substance is
called oxidation.
(ii) The removal of hydrogen from a substance is
also called oxidation.
Ex:
Cu + O2 CuO
H2S + Cl2 S + HCl
Reduction:
(i) The addition of hydrogen to a substance is
called reduction.
(ii) The removal of a oxygen from a substance is
also called reduction.
Ex: CuO + H2 Cu + H2O

H2S + Cl2 S + HCl

 Those reaction in which oxidation and
reduction both takes place simultaneously is
called oxidation and reduction reaction. It is
also called redox reaction.
Ex:
(i)

(ii)
(iii)

(iv)
 NOTE:
(i) The addition of non metallic element (or removal
of metallic element) is called oxidation.
(ii) The addition of metallic element (or removal of
non-metallic element) is called reduction.
OXIDISING AGENT
(i) The substance which gives oxygen for
oxidation is called an oxidising agent.
(ii) The substance which removes hydrogen is
called an oxidising agent.
REDUCING AGENT
(iii) The substance which gives hydrogen for
reduction is called a reducing agent.
(iv) The substance which removes oxygen is
called a reducing agent.
 EXAMPLE:

Reducing agent= H2 oxidising agent = CuO

Reducing agent= Na Oxidising agent = O2
 Oxidation and reduction reaction
Oxidation reaction reduction reaction
Addition of oxygen addition of hydrogen
Removal of hydrogen removal of oxygen
 Identify the substance that is oxidised , reduced, oxidising agent and
reducing agent:

Q:1

Substance oxidised:
Substance reduced:
Oxidising agent:
Reducing agent:
 Identify the substance that is oxidised ,
reduced, oxidising agent and reducing agent:

Q:2

Substance oxidised:
Substance reduced:
Oxidising agent:
Reducing agent:
 Identify the substance that is oxidised ,
reduced, oxidising agent and reducing agent:

Q:3

Substance oxidised:
Substance reduced:
Oxidising agent:
Reducing agent:
 Corrosion
The process in which metals are eaten up gradually by
the action of air, moisture or chemical (such as an acid)
on their surface is called corrosion.
Ex: (i) Rusting of iron.
When an iron object is left in Damp air for a considerable
time, it gets covered with a red brown flaky substance
called ‘rust’. This is called rusting of iron.
(ii) The black coating on silver
(iii) The green coating on copper
NOTE:
Corrosion causes damage to car bodies, bridges,
iron railings, ships and to all objects made of
metals.
 RANCIDITY
The aerial oxidation of fats and oil present in
food which is noticed by unpleasant smell and
taste, is called rancidity.
Note:
Rancidity spoils the food material prepared in
fats and oils which has been kept for a
considerable time and makes them unfit for
eating.
 Methods to prevent rancidity
(i) By adding anti-oxidants to foods containing
fats and oils. Ex: BHA ( Butylated hydroxy-
Anisole) and BHT ( Butylated Hydroxy-
Tuolene).
(ii) Rancidity can be prevented by packaging fat
and oil containing foods in nitrogen gas.
(iii) By keeping the food in refrigerator.
(iv) By keeping the food in air-tight containers.
(v) By storing foods away from light
Step III