PROJECT:

COMPARISON OF DESIGN
AND MANAGEMENT OF
ARGO-ECOSYSTEMS IN
DEVELOPED AND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
GROUP MEMBERS:
FAIZA-010

FATIMA TARIQ-014

MUQADAS WASEEM-
033

MAHRUKH ISRAR-028
 Table of contents
01 02 03
Introduction Design of Management of
agroecosystem agroecosystem

04 05
Challenges Conclusions
 02
INTRODUCTION OF
AGROECOSYSTEM
Presented By: Fatima Tariq-014
 AGROECOSYSTEM
▪ Agroecosystems are natural ecosystems that have undergone human modification for
agricultural use. Agroecosystems are the connections and interactions between biotic and
abiotic elements in a physical environment, including humans, in addition to the
agricultural processes themselves.
▪ The agroecosystem is one of the fundamental analytical units of agro-ecology, which is
broadly defined as functionally and geographically coherent units of agricultural activity
that comprise both nonliving and living components and their interactions. Over the
course of the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, this concept evolved steadily (Pandiarajan, 2021).
ROLE OF AGRICULTURE:
Agriculture plays a special function in the supply and demand for various environmental resources as
part of a healthy ecosystem. Power, revealing how much people rely on these services for their well-
being. Ecosystem resources can be divided into four categories, according to the Millennium
Ecosystem Assessment;
⮚ Provisioning ecosystem resources (energy outputs or material).
⮚ Controlling ES (biophysical process delivering benefit).
⮚ Supporting ecosystem resources (process required for provide different ecosystem service).
⮚ Cultural ecosystem resources (spiritual benefits, aesthetic, recreational).
An agroecosystem is a defined area that includes a variety of living things that have been adapted
for use in agriculture, including plants, animals, water, oil, air, microorganisms, and other elements
(Ahmed, 2023).
LINKING THE MANAGEMENT OF AES TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF
SDGS
LINKING THE MANAGEMENT OF AES TO THE ACHIEVEMENT OF SDGS

⮚ Ecosystem services reflect benefits that human obtain from nature and contribute to achieving
SDGs. A study indicates that ecosystem services contribute to 12 SDGs and 41 sub-SDGs.
Agroecosystems provide ecosystem services or disservices that are closely related to SDG1 (no
poverty), SDG2 (zero hunger), SDG5 (gender equality), SDG6 (clean water and sanitation),
SDG10 (reduced inequalities), SDG12 (responsible consumption and production), SDG13 (climate
action), SDG14 (life below water), and SDG15 (life on land) (Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations.
⮚ An effective institutional system is the key to ensuring that ecosystem services equally flow into
social members with different interest demands, which is also among the most difficult challenges
in agro ecosystem management.
PROPERTIES OF AGROECOSYSTEM:

The network has focused on five system properties:

▪ Productivity - the quantity of food, fuel or fiber that an
agroecosystem produces for human use.
▪ Stability - consistency of production.
▪ Sustainability - maintaining a specified level of
production over the long term.
▪ Equitability - sharing agricultural production fairly.
▪ Autonomy - agro ecosystem self-sufficiency
(Conway, 2020).
AGROECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT:

Agroecosystem managements integrate ecological, social economic value to tackle

challenge and discovery opportunity. To address problems and discover prospects,
agroecosystem management combines fiscal, ecological, and social values.
▪ Finding a farming style.
▪ For a scientist, that means collaborating with farmers at crossroads of agricultural
discipline.
▪ It mean the frameworks to all your course and experiences, no matters how broads your
study is, and connections between focused course and Ohio agricultures to a student
interested in agriculture.
▪ An environmentalist defines it as an agricultural method that improves environmental
values such as biodiversity while still being commercially viable.
▪ For a businessperson, it involves pursuing entrepreneurship opportunities that benefit
both the socioeconomic and environmental bottom lines.
 02
AGROECOSYSTEM
DESIGN IN DEVELOPING
AND DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES:
Presented By:
Muqadas Wasim
COMPONENTS, LEVEL AND SCALE OF AGROECOLOGICAL DESIGN PROCESS

Figure 1: Overview of the analytical framework for agroecological design process

AGROECOSYSTEM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
Agroecosystems are the foundation of food
production in developing countries. However, many
of these systems are poorly designed and managed,
leading to low yields and environmental degradation.
Improving agroecosystem design is crucial for
ensuring food security, reducing poverty, and
promoting sustainable development. Effective
agroecosystem design involves a holistic approach
that takes into account the needs of farmers, the
environment, and local communities. By designing
agroecosystems that are resilient and productive, we
can help to address some of the most pressing
challenges facing developing countries today.
CHALLENGES FACING AGROECOSYSTEM
DESIGN IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Designing effective agroecosystems in developing countries is a
complex task that requires careful consideration of a range of factors.
Some of the key challenges include limited access to resources such as
land, water, and inputs; poor infrastructure and market access; and
climate change. In addition, many smallholder farmers lack the
knowledge and skills needed to implement sustainable agriculture
practices and manage their agroecosystems effectively. Addressing these
challenges will require a multi-faceted approach that includes
investment in infrastructure, education and training, and policy reform.
SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
PRACTICES
Sustainable agriculture practices are key to improving
agroecosystem design in developing countries. These
practices include crop diversification, soil
conservation, water management, and integrated pest
management. By adopting sustainable agriculture
practices, farmers can improve soil health, increase
yields, and reduce the use of harmful chemicals. In
addition, these practices can help to mitigate the
effects of climate change and promote biodiversity.
COLLABORATION AND SHARING
KNOWLEDGE:
Improving agroecosystem design in developing
countries requires collaboration and knowledge
sharing among a range of stakeholders, including
farmers, researchers, policymakers, and NGOs. By
working together and sharing information, we can
develop more effective solutions to the complex
challenges facing agroecosystem design. This
includes sharing best practices for sustainable
agriculture, developing new technologies and
innovations, and advocating for policy reform that
supports smallholder farmers.
CASE STUDY:
There are many examples of successful
agroecosystem design in developing countries. For
example, in Kenya, the adoption of sustainable
agriculture practices has led to increased yields,
improved soil health, and reduced poverty among
smallholder farmers. Similarly, in Brazil, the
implementation of agroforestry systems has helped to
restore degraded land and promote biodiversity, while
also providing economic benefits for local
communities. These case studies demonstrate the
positive impact that improved agroecosystem design
can have on both people and the environment.
AGROECOSYSTEM
DESIGN IN
DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES:
Agroecosystems in developed countries play a crucial role in
ensuring food security and sustainability. These systems are
designed to mimic natural ecosystems and promote biodiversity,
soil health, and ecosystem services. Agroecosystems offer
numerous benefits to developed countries, including increased
biodiversity, improved soil health, and food security. By
promoting a diverse range of crops and reducing reliance on
external inputs, these systems can help mitigate the negative
impacts of climate change and improve the resilience of
agricultural systems. In addition, agroecosystems can also have
economic benefits, such as creating new markets for niche crops
and reducing the need for expensive external inputs like
fertilizers and pesticides.
CASE STUDY:
There are several successful examples of
agroecosystems in developed countries. Urban
agriculture is one such example, where crops are
grown in cities and towns using innovative
techniques such as hydroponics and vertical
farming. This helps to reduce the carbon footprint of
food production and provides fresh produce to
urban consumers. Community-supported agriculture
is another successful example where farmers and
consumers work together to create a sustainable
food system. Consumers pay upfront for a share of
the harvest, which helps farmers to plan their
production and reduces food waste. These examples
showcase the potential of agroecosystems in
promoting sustainable agriculture.
 COMPARISON OF DEVELOPEDAND
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
Agroecosystems in developed countries are Agroecosystems in developing countries are
characterized by high levels of mechanization, typically characterized by smallholder
intensive use of inputs such as fertilizers and farming, low levels of mechanization, and
pesticides, and large-scale monoculture limited use of inputs. These systems are often
production. These systems are highly efficient more diverse and resilient than those in
and can produce large quantities of food at low developed countries, and can provide
cost, but they also have significant important ecosystem services such as soil
environmental impacts, such as soil degradation, conservation and biodiversity conservation.
water pollution, and biodiversity loss. However, these systems also face numerous
Moreover, the social and economic benefits of challenges, including poor infrastructure,
these systems are not equally distributed. Small lack of access to credit and markets, and
farmers and rural communities often face climate variability. As a result, small farmers
challenges accessing markets and resources, in developing countries often struggle to
which can exacerbate inequalities and contribute make a decent living and may be vulnerable
to poverty and food insecurity. to food insecurity and poverty.
 02
Comparison of management of agro-
ecosystem in developing and
developed countries

Presented By:
Faiza
FACTORS INFLUENCING MANAGEMENT OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEM IN DEVELOPING
AND DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

● Small-scale farming ● Intensive agriculture

● precision agriculture
.
● Subsistence agriculture ● environmental stewardship

● Resource constraints ● Agricultural research and

● Soil and water management innovation

● Knowledge and technology ● Market-oriented production

transfer
 MANAGEMENT OF AGROECOSYSTEM

COMPARISON OF MANAGEMENT OF AGRO-ECOSYSTEM IN DEVELOPING AND DEVELOPED

COUNTRIES

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

● Conservation Agriculture ● Precision Agriculture

.
● Conventional farming practices
● Conservation tillage
● Traditional farming methods ● IPM
● Soil erosion control ● Sustainable water management
● Traditional pest management
● Water Management
RECOMMENDATION FOR EFFECTIVE AGROECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

Effective agroecosystem management is crucial for promoting sustainable agriculture. Here are
some recommendations for achieving effective agroecosystem management:

1. Implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM):

- Promote the adoption of IPM strategies that combine cultural, biological, and chemical control
methods to manage pests and diseases sustainably.

- Encourage the use of pest-resistant crop varieties and biological controls to reduce reliance on
chemical pesticides.

- Provide training and extension services to educate farmers about IPM practices and monitoring
techniques (Ollivier et al., 2018).

.
2. Enhance Soil Health and Fertility:

● Promote soil conservation practices, such as conservation tillage, cover cropping, and
organic matter incorporation, to improve soil structure, water retention, and nutrient cycling
● Encourage the use of organic fertilizers, compost, and biofertilizers to enhance soil fertility
and reduce reliance on synthetic fertilizers.
● Provide soil testing services and nutrient management plans to optimize fertilizer application
and minimize nutrient loss.

3. Diversify Cropping Systems:

● Promote crop diversification, intercropping, and crop rotation to enhance agroecosystem

resilience, reduce pest and disease pressure, and improve soil health.

-
Encourage the cultivation of traditional and indigenous crop varieties to promote
agrobiodiversity and support local food systems.

- Facilitate market access for diverse crops to create economic incentives for farmers.

4. Efficient Water Management:

- Promote water conservation techniques, such as drip irrigation, mulching, and rainwater
harvesting, to optimize water use and minimize water wastage.

- Invest in irrigation infrastructure development and modernization to improve water

distribution efficiency and access to irrigation for small-scale farmers.

- Provide training and support to farmers on water-efficient irrigation practices and scheduling
(Pandiarajan, 2021).
5. Strengthen Farmer Education and Extension Services:

- Invest in agricultural extension services to provide farmers with training, technical support, and
knowledge transfer on sustainable farming practices.

6. Policy and Institutional Support:

- Develop and implement supportive policies and regulations that incentivize sustainable
agroecosystem management practices, such as organic farming, agroforestry, and conservation
agriculture.

- Establish certification programs and labeling schemes that recognize and reward farmers who
adopt sustainable practices.

- Enhance collaboration and coordination among government agencies, research institutions,

farmers' organizations, and other stakeholders to facilitate knowledge sharing, research
partnerships, and policy dialogue.
IMPORTANCE OF
AGROECOSYSTEM

Presented by: Mahrukh Israr-028

IMPORTANT OF AGROECOSYSTEM
Agroecosystems are an important part of the global landscape and play a vital role in meeting the
needs of the world’s population. Agroecosystems are important for a number of reasons:

▪ Food production
▪ Economic development
▪ Biodiversity.
▪ Environmental benefits.
▪ Cultural significance
However, agroecosystems can also have negative impacts on the environment. For example, the
use of pesticides and fertilizers can contribute to water pollution, and large-scale monoculture can
lead to soil degradation(Noe & Alrøe, 2015).
THE CHALLENGES OF LEGAL REGULATION OF
AGROECOSYSTEMS
The autopoietic understanding of agroecosystems has strong implications for our understanding of the
conditions for regulation.

▪ Firstly, the operational closure means that there isn't any direct access to the autopoiesis. Regulative
measures can only perturb, disturb or irritate the autopoiesis of the agroecosystems, no matter whether it is
prescriptive, economic or normative measures that are applied. All regulation of autopoietic systems
depends on self-regulation.

▪ Secondly, there is no one to one causal relationship between the intended logic behind the measures and
the reactions in the agroecosystems. It is the ability of the agroecosystem to observe the disturbance and its
internal schema of logic that will define the reaction (Marin et al., 2016).
PROS AND CONS OF REGULATIVE MEASURES:
Different types of regulative measures have different pros and cons, and as indicated in the table the reaction of the
systems
CONCLUSION
Agroecosystems are an integral part of global food production and are vital for meeting the needs
of the world’s population. These systems involve the production of crops and/or livestock within
a defined area and can range in size from small plots of land to large-scale commercial farms.
The success of an agroecosystem depends on a variety of factors, including the availability of
natural resources, the presence of pests and diseases, and the impact of climate change. It is
concluded that agroecosystem and its management like meaning of agro ecosystem (Agro
ecosystem is basic units of research in agroecology, and somewhat loosely define as functionally
and spatially coherent units of agricultural activity, and include nonliving and living
component involves in unit and their interaction), meaning of management (organization
and administration of activity for accomplish goal is refer for as management.
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