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    Weight & Balance

    Uploaded by

    Christine Pua
    The document discusses weight and balance concepts for aircraft, including: 1) It defines terms like center of gravity, reference datum, and moments, and provides the basic formula that multiplying weight by arm equals moment. 2) It gives an example problem of calculating the center of gravity of a seesaw with three objects of different weights at different distances, showing the step-by-step work. 3) It discusses the effects of being overloaded, nose-heavy, or tail-heavy on an aircraft's performance, controllability, and safety. Being overweight can reduce speed, altitude, and maneuverability.

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    Weight & Balance

    Uploaded by

    Christine Pua
    9 views72 pages
    The document discusses weight and balance concepts for aircraft, including: 1) It defines terms like center of gravity, reference datum, and moments, and provides the basic formula that multiplying weight by arm equals moment. 2) It gives an example problem of calculating the center of gravity of a seesaw with three objects of different weights at different distances, showing the step-by-step work. 3) It discusses the effects of being overloaded, nose-heavy, or tail-heavy on an aircraft's performance, controllability, and safety. Being overweight can reduce speed, altitude, and maneuverability.

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    The document discusses weight and balance concepts for aircraft, including: 1) It defines terms like center of gravity, reference datum, and moments, and provides the basic formula that multiplying weight by arm equals moment. 2) It gives an example problem of calculating the center of gravity of a seesaw with three objects of different weights at different distances, showing the step-by-step work. 3) It discusses the effects of being overloaded, nose-heavy, or tail-heavy on an aircraft's performance, controllability, and safety. Being overweight can reduce speed, altitude, and maneuverability.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    9 views72 pages

    Weight & Balance

    Uploaded by

    Christine Pua
    The document discusses weight and balance concepts for aircraft, including: 1) It defines terms like center of gravity, reference datum, and moments, and provides the basic formula that multiplying weight by arm equals moment. 2) It gives an example problem of calculating the center of gravity of a seesaw with three objects of different weights at different distances, showing the step-by-step work. 3) It discusses the effects of being overloaded, nose-heavy, or tail-heavy on an aircraft's performance, controllability, and safety. Being overweight can reduce speed, altitude, and maneuverability.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Weight & Balance

    Definition of Terms
    Balance
    Importance of Balance
    Center of Gravity
    Reference Datum
    CG Range
    CG Limits
    Arm
    Moment
    Basic Formulas

    • WT. x ARM = MOMENT

    • CG = TOTAL MOMENT    
      TOTAL WEIGHT
    Sample Problem

    • Datum is at the far left of the seesaw


    • Seesaw= 16 ft. long, 30 lbs ,center is 8 feet away from datum
    • Child 1 = 40 lbs, 1 foot away from datum
    • Child 2 = 60 lb, 15 feet away from datum
    • Find the CG
    Finding the CG
    1.Multiply each object's distance from the datum by its weight to find
    its moment. 
    2.Add up the three moments.
    3.Add the weights of all the objects.
    4.Divide the total moment by the total weight.
    Solution
    1) The see-saw: 30 lb. x 8 ft. = ???
    Child 1 = 40 lb. x 1 ft. = ???
    Child 2 = 60 lb. x 15 ft. =???
    1) The see-saw: 30 lb. x 8 ft. = 240 ft x lbs
    Child 1 = 40 lb. x 1 ft. = 40 ft x lbs
    Child 2 = 60 lb. x 15 ft. = 900 ft x lbs

    2) 240 ft. x lb. + 40 ft. x lb. + 900 ft. x lb = ???


    1) The see-saw: 30 lb. x 8 ft. = 240 ft x lbs
    Child 1 = 40 lb. x 1 ft. = 40 ft x lbs
    Child 2 = 60 lb. x 15 ft. = 900 ft x lbs

    2) 240 ft. x lb. + 40 ft. x lb. + 900 ft. x lb = 1180 ft x lbs

    3) 30 lbs. + 40 lbs. + 60 lbs. = ???


    1) The see-saw: 30 lb. x 8 ft. = 240 ft x lbs
    Child 1 = 40 lb. x 1 ft. = 40 ft x lbs
    Child 2 = 60 lb. x 15 ft. = 900 ft x lbs

    2) 240 ft. x lb. + 40 ft. x lb. + 900 ft. x lb = 1180 ft x lbs

    3) 30 lbs. + 40 lbs. + 60 lbs. = 130 lbs

    4) 1180 ft. x lb. ÷ 130 lbs = ???


    1) The see-saw: 30 lb. x 8 ft. = 240 ft. x lb.
    Child 1 = 40 lb. x 1 ft. = 40 ft. x lb.
    Child 2 = 60 lb. x 15 ft. = 900 ft. x lb.

    2) 240 ft. x lb. + 40 ft. x lb. + 900 ft. x lb = 1180 ft. x lb. (Total Moment)

    3) 30 lbs. + 40 lbs. + 60 lbs. = 130 lbs. (Total Weight)

    4) 1180 ft. x lb. ÷ 130 lbs = 9.08 ft. (C.G)


    GIVEN: Weight (lbs) Arm (inches) Moment (lbs-in)

    Empty Weight 1,495 101.4 151,593

    Pilot and 380 64


    Passengers

    Fuel(30gal) 96

    CG = ???
    Pictorial Representation
    Effects of Overloading
    Effects of Over Loading
    Reduced Rate and Angle of Climb
    Lower Maximum Altitude
    Reduced Cruising Speed
    Reduced Maneuverability
    Shorter range Flight
    Higher Stalling Speed
    Higher Approach and Landing Speed
    Longer landing Roll
    Effects Of nose Heavy
    CG in the Most Forward
    Increased take-off run because of the higher speed needed to lift the nose
    Lessens climb rate
    Increased stalling tendency
    Increased tendency to hit the nose on the ground
    Effects of tail Heavy
    CG in the most rearward position
    Excessive aircraft reaction to small elevator movements
    Unstable in pitch
    When slowing down, aircraft will go even slower
    Increased tendency to stall
    Difficult to recover from a stall and spin
    Tendency to climb
    Increased take-off run and speed
    Definition of terms
    Basic Empty weight
    Licensed Empty Weight
    Delta
    Floor Load Limit
    Ramp Weight
    Take off Weight
    Landing Weight
    Useful Load
    Payload
    Usable Fuel
    Gross Weight
    Fuel Load
    Basic Operating Weight
    Mean aerodynamic chord (MAC)
    Standard Weights
    • FUEL > 1 US Gal ( Avgas ) = 6 lbs
    > 1 US Gal ( Jet A-1 ) = 6.7 lbs
    • OIL > 1 US Gal = 7.5 lbs
    > 4 Qts. (quarts) = 1 gal = 7.5lbs

    • WATER > 1 US Gal = 8.35 lbs

    • KG > LBS = 2.2 lbs


    MEUBAR
    • M- Max gross weight • RAMP WEIGHT= Empty Weight +
    • E- Empty Weight B.O.W. + Actual Payload

    • U- Useful load
    • TAKE-OFF WEIGHT= Empty Weight
    • B-Basic Operating + B.O.W. + Actual Payload – Wt. of
    Weight taxi/ run-up fuel (Ramp weight – Wt.
    • A- Available Payload of run-up/taxi fuel)
    • A- Actual Payload
    • LANDING WEIGHT=
    • R- Remaining Payload
    Take-off Weight – Fuel burned in
    flight
    *If remaining payload is
    negative aircraft if overweight
    Cessna 172 Loading Graphs
    Exercise:

    Weight Moment

    Empty Weight 1366lbs 53.8

    Pilot and Front 120kg


    passenger

    Rear Passenger 70kg

    Baggage 50lbs

    Fuel 35gal

    Oil 8qts

    Determine the CG and if it falls


    under the limits.
    Weight Shifting and Effects
    • Three convertions need to be considered:
    1. Any weight added causes a + moment change
    (Weight removed is -).
    2. Weight shifted rearward causes a + moment change
    (Forward is -)
    3. A weight shift only changes the moment
    (Change in weight=0)
    Determining Loaded Weight and CG
    Weight Addition or Removal
    • To determine the new total moments, find out how many moments are gained or lost when the weight is
    shifted. Assume that 100 pounds has been shifted from station 30 to station 150. This movement
    increases the total moments of the aircraft by 12,000 in-lb.
    • Moment when at station 150 = 100 lb x 150 in = 15,000 in-lb
    • Moment when at station 30 = 100 lb x 30 in = 3,000 in-lb
    • Moment change = [15,000 - 3,000] = 12,000 in-lb
    • By adding the moment change to the original moment (or subtracting if the weight has been moved
    forward instead of aft), the new total moments are obtained. Then determine the new CG by dividing the
    new moments by the total weight:
    • Total moments =
    • 616,000 in-lb + 12,000 in-lb = 628,000 in-lb
    • CG = 628,000 in-lb/8,000 lb = 78.5 in
    • The shift has caused the CG to shift to station 78.5.
    Simple Solution
    Weight Shifting Formula

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