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Dna 20 Fingerprinting 1

DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 by Alec J. Jeffrey at the University of Leicester. It involves analyzing variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) in DNA to identify individuals. DNA is extracted, cut with restriction enzymes, and separated by size using gel electrophoresis. Probes are used to detect VNTR patterns, producing a unique DNA fingerprint. Applications include paternity testing, forensics, identifying inherited disorders, and developing cures. Considerations in using DNA evidence include probability of random matches and technical errors.

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34 views

Dna 20 Fingerprinting 1

DNA fingerprinting was developed in 1984 by Alec J. Jeffrey at the University of Leicester. It involves analyzing variable number tandem repeats (VNTRs) in DNA to identify individuals. DNA is extracted, cut with restriction enzymes, and separated by size using gel electrophoresis. Probes are used to detect VNTR patterns, producing a unique DNA fingerprint. Applications include paternity testing, forensics, identifying inherited disorders, and developing cures. Considerations in using DNA evidence include probability of random matches and technical errors.

Uploaded by

yogita rajput
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DNA Fingerprinting

By Yu Zhi Hen
g
Historical background
• DNA fingerprinting was developed in 19
84
• by Alec. J. Jeffrey at the University of
Leicester
• He was studying the gene of myoglobin.
What is DNA Fingerprinting?
• The chemical structure of everyone's DNA
is the same.
• The only difference between people (or any
animal) is the order of the base pairs.
• The information contained in DNA is
determined primarily by the sequence of
letters along the zipper.

Structure of DNA
The Different Sequences
segments that v
ary in size and c
omposition and h
ave no apparent
function are call
ed minisatellites

The different sequences is the same as the


word "POST" has a different meaning from
"STOP" or "POTS," even though they use the
same letters. i
• Using these sequences, every person could be
identified solely by the sequence of their base
pairs
• There are so many millions of base pairs, the
task would be very time-consuming
• Instead, scientists are able to use a shorter
method, because of repeating patterns in DNA.
• These patterns do not, however, give an
individual "fingerprint,"
• They are able to determine whether two DNA
samples are from the same person, related
people, or non-related people.
DNA Fingerprinting using
VNTR's
• On some human chromosomes, a short sequence
of DNA has been repeated a number of times.
• The repeat number may vary from one to thirty
repeats
• These repeat regions are usually bounded by
specific restriction enzyme sites
• Cut out the segment of the chromosome
containing this variable number of tandem
repeats (VNTR's )
• Identify the VNTR's for the DNA sequence of
the repeat.
Making DNA Fingerprints
DNA fingerprinting is a laboratory
procedure that requires six steps:
1: Isolation of DNA.

2: Cutting, sizing, and sorting.


Special enzymes called restriction enzymes
are used to cut the DNA at specific
places
3: Transfer of DNA to nylon.
The distribution of DNA pieces
is transferred to a nylon sheet
by placing the sheet on the gel
and soaking them overnight.

4-5: Separating and Probing.


Fragments are separated by size using an
electric current. Adding radioactive or
colored probes to the nylon sheet
produces a pattern called the DNA
fingerprint.
6: DNA Fingerprint
• The final DNA fingerprint is built by using several
probes (5-10 or more) simultaneously.
Practical Applications of DNA
Fingerprinting
1.Paternity and Maternity
• Person inherits his or her VNTRs from h
is or her parents
• Parent-child VNTR pattern analysis has
been used to solve standard father-ide
ntification cases
Can someone tell me who is my
father?
2. Criminal Identification and Forensics

• DNA isolated from blood, hair, skin cells, or


other genetic evidence left at the scene of a
crime can be compared
• FBI and police labs around
the U.S. have begun to use
DNA fingerprints to link suspects
to biological evidence –
blood or semen stains, hair, skin
cells or items of clothing
3. Personal Identification
The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort o
f genetic bar code to identify individuals has
been discussed

4.Diagnosis of Inherited Disorders


• diagnose inherited disorders in both prenatal
and newborn babies
• These disorders may include cystic fibrosis, h
emophilia, Huntington's disease, familial Alzhe
imer's, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and ma
ny others.
5.Developing Cures for Inherited Disorders
• By studying the DNA fingerprints of relatives w
ho have a history of some particular disorder
• Identify DNA patterns associated with the dise
ase

6.Identification of Chinese medicine


• The Hong Kong Baptist University was able to u
se DNA fingerprinting to identify the Chinese m
edicine—Lingzhi in 2000
Considerations when
evaluating DNA evidence
• In the early days of the use of
genetic fingerprinting as criminal
evidence, given a match that had a
1 in 5 million probability of occurring
by chance the lawyer would argue
that this meant that in a country
of say 60 million people there were 12 people
who would also match the profile.
2. Problems with Determining
Probability

A. Population Genetics
• VNTRs, because they are results of gen
etic inheritance
• it will vary depending on an individual's g
enetic background
B. Technical Difficulties

• Errors in the hybridization and probing


process must also be figured into the
probability
• Until recently, the standards for determining
DNA fingerprinting matches, and for
laboratory security and accuracy which would
minimize error
When evaluating a DNA match, the
following questions should be asked:

-Could it be an accidental random match?


-If not, could the DNA sample have been
planted?
-If not, did the accused leave the DNA
sample at the exact time of the crime?
-If yes, does that mean that the accused
is guilty of the crime?
A Kid’s set of
apparatus for DNA
fingerprinting, What
does it mean?

END

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