Computer Networking

Computer
Networking
Computer Network
COMPUTER NETWORK IS A COLLECTION OF COMPUTERS CONNECTED
T O S H A R E I N F O R M AT I O N A N D R E C O U R S E S W I T H E A C H O T H E R . T H E
C O M P U T E R S A R E C O N N E C T E D U S I N G A C O M M U N I C AT I O N M E D I U M
S U C H A S C A B L E , T E L E P H O N E L I N E O R S AT E L L I T E .
A N E T W O R K M AY B E S M A L L W H E R E I T M AY I N C L U D E J U S T O N E
S Y S T E M O R M A Y B E A S L A R G E A S W H AT O N E M A Y WA N T . T H E N O D E S
M AY F U R T H E R B E C L A S S I F I E D I N T O VA R I O U S T Y P E S . T H E S E I N C L U D E :
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
S E RV E R S
N E T W O R K I N G H A R D WA R E
GENERAL HOSTS
• Message: A message is a piece of information
which is transferred across the network. This could
Components
be a text, voice, image video or other media.
• Sender: Sender ins the source of message. It could
be the computer or the person who sends the
message across the network.
of computer
• Receiver: Receiver is the person or the computer
who receives the message sent by the sender across
the network and tries to understand what the sender
wants to convey and respond accordingly.
network
• Transmission Medium: It is the communication
channel through which the message is transferred
from the sender to the receiver on the network.
• Protocol: It is the standard set of rules used by two
systems to communicate message across the
network.
Types of computer network
• There are five main types of Computer Networks:
• PAN
• LAN
• MAN
• WAN
• VPN
PAN (Personal Area Network)
• The smallest computer network.
• Devices may be connected through Bluetooth or other infra-red enables devices.
• It has a connectivity range of upto 10 meters.
• It covers an area of upto 30 feet.
• Personal devices belonging to a single person can be connected to each other
using PAN.
LAN (Local Area Network)
• Systems connected in a small network like in a building or a small office.
• It is inexpensive.
• It uses Ethernet or Token-ring technology.
• Two or more personal computers can be connected through wires or cables acting
as nodes.
• Transfer of data is fast and is highly secure.
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• A network that can be connected within a city, for example, cable TV Connection.
• It can be in the form of Ethernet, ATM, Token-ring and FDDI.
• It has a higher range.
• This type of network can be used to connect citizens with the various Organizations.
WAN (Wide Area Network)
• A network which covers over a country or a larger range of people.
• Telephonic lines are also connected through WAN.
• Internet is the biggest WAN in the world.
• Mostly used by Government Organizations to manage data and information.
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
• A network which is constructed by using public wires to connect to a private
network.
• There are several systems which enable you to create networks using the Internet
as a medium for transporting data.
• These systems use encryptions and other security mechanisms to ensure only
authorized users can access.
Network Topologies
• The way of connecting different computers in a network is a topology. It refers to the way in which the
nodes of a network are linked together physiclly
Different types of topology
• Point to Point Topology: Point to Point topology is the simplest topology that connects two nodes directly together with a
common link.
• Bus Topology: A bus topology is such that there is a single line to which all nodes are connected, and the nodes connect
only to the bus.
• Mesh Topology:This type of topology contains at least two nodes with two or more paths between them.
• Ring Topology: In this topology every node has exactly two branches connected to it. The ring is broken and cannot work
if one of the nodes on the ring fails
• Tree Topology: In this type of topology nodes are connected in the form of a tree. The function of the central node in this
topology may be distributed.
• Line Topology:in this topology all the nodes are connected in a straight line.
• Hybrid Topology: When two more types of topologies combine, they form a Hybrid topology.
• Star Topology: In this network topology, the peripheral nodes are connected to a central node, which rebroadcasts all the
transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, including the originating node

Computer Networking

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• There are five main types of Computer Networks:

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