Chapter 10

Firewalls

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 Outline
• Firewall Design Principles
– Firewall Characteristics
– Types of Firewalls
– Firewall Configurations
• Trusted Systems
– Data Access Control
– The Concept of Trusted systems
– Trojan Horse Defense
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 Firewalls

• Effective means of protection a local

system or network of systems from
network-based security threats while
affording access to the outside world
via WAN`s or the Internet

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 Firewall Design
Principles
• Information systems undergo a
steady evolution (from small LAN`s
to Internet connectivity)
• Strong security features for all
workstations and servers not
established

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 Firewall Design
Principles
• The firewall is inserted between the
premises network and the Internet
• Aims:
– Establish a controlled link
– Protect the premises network from
Internet-based attacks
– Provide a single choke point

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 Firewall Characteristics

• Design goals:
– All traffic from inside to outside must
pass through the firewall (physically
blocking all access to the local network
except via the firewall)
– Only authorized traffic (defined by the
local security police) will be allowed to
pass

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 Firewall Characteristics

• Design goals:
– The firewall itself is immune to
penetration (use of trusted system with
a secure operating system)

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 Firewall Characteristics

• Four general techniques:

• Service control
– Determines the types of Internet
services that can be accessed, inbound
or outbound
• Direction control
– Determines the direction in which
particular service requests are allowed
to flow
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 Firewall Characteristics

• User control
– Controls access to a service according to
which user is attempting to access it
• Behavior control
– Controls how particular services are used
(e.g. filter e-mail)

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 Types of Firewalls

• Three common types of Firewalls:

– Packet-filtering routers
– Application-level gateways
– Circuit-level gateways
– (Bastion host)

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 Types of Firewalls

• Packet-filtering Router

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 Types of Firewalls

• Packet-filtering Router
– Applies a set of rules to each incoming
IP packet and then forwards or discards
the packet
– Filter packets going in both directions
– The packet filter is typically set up as a
list of rules based on matches to fields
in the IP or TCP header
– Two default policies (discard or forward)
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 Types of Firewalls

• Advantages:
– Simplicity
– Transparency to users
– High speed
• Disadvantages:
– Difficulty of setting up packet filter
rules
– Lack of Authentication

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 Types of Firewalls

• Possible attacks and appropriate

countermeasures
– IP address spoofing
– Source routing attacks
– Tiny fragment attacks

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 Types of Firewalls

• Application-level Gateway

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 Types of Firewalls

• Application-level Gateway
– Also called proxy server
– Acts as a relay of application-level
traffic

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 Types of Firewalls

• Advantages:
– Higher security than packet filters
– Only need to scrutinize a few allowable
applications
– Easy to log and audit all incoming traffic
• Disadvantages:
– Additional processing overhead on each
connection (gateway as splice point)
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 Types of Firewalls

• Circuit-level Gateway

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 Types of Firewalls

• Circuit-level Gateway
– Stand-alone system or
– Specialized function performed by an
Application-level Gateway
– Sets up two TCP connections
– The gateway typically relays TCP
segments from one connection to the
other without examining the contents
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 Types of Firewalls

• Circuit-level Gateway
– The security function consists of
determining which connections will be
allowed
– Typically use is a situation in which the
system administrator trusts the internal
users
– An example is the SOCKS package

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 Types of Firewalls

• Bastion Host
– A system identified by the firewall
administrator as a critical strong point in
the network´s security
– The bastion host serves as a platform
for an application-level or circuit-level
gateway

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 Firewall Configurations

• In addition to the use of simple

configuration of a single system
(single packet filtering router or
single gateway), more complex
configurations are possible
• Three common configurations

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 Firewall Configurations

• Screened host firewall system

(single-homed bastion host)

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 Firewall Configurations

• Screened host firewall, single-homed

bastion configuration
• Firewall consists of two systems:
– A packet-filtering router
– A bastion host

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 Firewall Configurations

• Configuration for the packet-filtering

router:
– Only packets from and to the bastion
host are allowed to pass through the
router
• The bastion host performs
authentication and proxy functions

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 Firewall Configurations

• Greater security than single

configurations because of two
reasons:
– This configuration implements both
packet-level and application-level
filtering (allowing for flexibility in
defining security policy)
– An intruder must generally penetrate
two separate systems

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 Firewall Configurations

• This configuration also affords

flexibility in providing direct
Internet access (public information
server, e.g. Web server)

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 Firewall Configurations

• Screened host firewall system (dual-

homed bastion host)

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 Firewall Configurations

• Screened host firewall, dual-homed

bastion configuration
– The packet-filtering router is not
completely compromised
– Traffic between the Internet and other
hosts on the private network has to flow
through the bastion host

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 Firewall Configurations

• Screened-subnet firewall system

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 Firewall Configurations

• Screened subnet firewall

configuration
– Most secure configuration of the three
– Two packet-filtering routers are used
– Creation of an isolated sub-network

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 Firewall Configurations

• Advantages:
– Three levels of defense to thwart
intruders
– The outside router advertises only the
existence of the screened subnet to the
Internet (internal network is invisible to
the Internet)

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 Firewall Configurations

• Advantages:
– The inside router advertises only the
existence of the screened subnet to the
internal network (the systems on the
inside network cannot construct direct
routes to the Internet)

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 Trusted Systems

• One way to enhance the ability of a

system to defend against intruders
and malicious programs is to
implement trusted system technology

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 Data Access Control

• Through the user access control

procedure (log on), a user can be
identified to the system
• Associated with each user, there can
be a profile that specifies permissible
operations and file accesses
• The operation system can enforce
rules based on the user profile

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 Data Access Control

• General models of access control:

– Access matrix
– Access control list
– Capability list

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 Data Access Control

• Access Matrix

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 Data Access Control

• Access Matrix: Basic elements of the

model
– Subject: An entity capable of accessing
objects, the concept of subject equates with
that of process
– Object: Anything to which access is controlled
(e.g. files, programs)
– Access right: The way in which an object is
accessed by a subject (e.g. read, write,
execute)
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 Data Access Control

• Access Control List: Decomposition of

the matrix by columns

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 Data Access Control

• Access Control List

– An access control list lists users and
their permitted access right
– The list may contain a default or public
entry

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 Data Access Control

• Capability list: Decomposition of the

matrix by rows

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 Data Access Control

• Capability list
– A capability ticket specifies authorized
objects and operations for a user
– Each user have a number of tickets

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 The Concept of
Trusted Systems
• Trusted Systems
– Protection of data and resources on the
basis of levels of security (e.g. military)
– Users can be granted clearances to
access certain categories of data

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 The Concept of
Trusted Systems
• Multilevel security
– Definition of multiple categories or levels of
data
• A multilevel secure system must enforce:
– No read up: A subject can only read an object
of less or equal security level (Simple Security
Property)
– No write down: A subject can only write into an
object of greater or equal security level (*-
Property)

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 The Concept of
Trusted Systems
• Reference Monitor Concept:
Multilevel security for a data
processing system

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 The Concept of
Trusted Systems

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 The Concept of
Trusted Systems
• Reference Monitor
– Controlling element in the hardware and
operating system of a computer that
regulates the access of subjects to
objects on basis of security parameters
– The monitor has access to a file
(security kernel database)
– The monitor enforces the security rules
(no read up, no write down)

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 The Concept of
Trusted Systems
• Properties of the Reference Monitor
– Complete mediation: Security rules are
enforced on every access
– Isolation: The reference monitor and
database are protected from
unauthorized modification
– Verifiability: The reference monitor’s
correctness must be provable
(mathematically)

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 The Concept of
Trusted Systems
• A system that can provide such
verifications (properties) is referred
to as a trusted system

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 Trojan Horse Defense

• Secure, trusted operating systems

are one way to secure against Trojan
Horse attacks

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Trojan Horse Defense

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Trojan Horse Defense

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 Recommended Reading
• Chapman, D., and Zwicky, E. Building
Internet Firewalls. O’Reilly, 1995
• Cheswick, W., and Bellovin, S. Firewalls and
Internet Security: Repelling the Wily
Hacker. Addison-Wesley, 2000
• Gasser, M. Building a Secure Computer
System. Reinhold, 1988
• Pfleeger, C. Security in Computing. Prentice
Hall, 1997

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