LECTURE 1

Motion
• Motion and Rest
• Motion is relative
 What do we Let’s learn in this
observe ? chapter

MOTION
We observe that
Why do we say
the objects are
these objects are
in MOTION
in motion
 What
Let is meantan
us consider byexample of an
MOTION?
observer observing the car

So, the car is

in MOTION

A BODY
The IS of
position SAID TOisBE IN MOTION WHEN
the car
IT CHANGES
changing ITS POSITION
with respect to its WITH RESPECT
TO ITS SURROUNDINGS.
surroundings
The position of the hands In a river, the position Due to revolution, the position
So, the hands of the So, water is in So, the earth is
of the clock CHANGES of water CHANGES of the earth with respect to the
clock are in MOTION. MOTION in MOTION.
continuously continuously sun CHANGES continuously
 Let us consider an example of an
AThen,
BODYwhatIS SAID TO BE AT REST WHEN
is meant
observer IT
observing the car stopping
by REST..?
DOES NOT CHANGE ITS POSITION at a WITH
signal
The position of the car is NOT
RESPECTchanging
TO ITS SURROUNDINGS.
with respect to its
surroundings

So, the car is at REST

MOTION IS RELATIVE
MOTION IS RELATIVE

Depends on the
observer

A body can be moving for one

observer, and at the same time at
MOTION
rest for IS RELATIVE
another observer.
 MCQ’s
1. Motion is said to be

a) Relation b) Relative c) Changing d) None

2. When in motion the body changes its _______ with respect

to its surroundings.

a) Size b) Shape c) Position d) No change

3. An object may appear to be moving for one person and

____________ for another person.

a) stationary b) motion c) changing d) relation

1. Define Motion

Ans. A body is said to be motion if it changes its position

with respective to its surroundings.

2. Define Rest

Ans. A body is said to be at rest if it does not change its

position with respective to its surroundings.

3. Motion is relative

Ans. A body can be moving for one observer, and at the

same time at rest for another observer.
Motion
• Uniform and Non-uniform motion
• Activity on motion
 Uniform Non-Uniform
Motion Motion

1. The motion in which the 1. The motion in which the

object covers equal distances in object covers unequal distances
equal intervals of time is called in equal intervals of time is
uniform motion. called Non-uniform motion.
The hands of the clock
2. In uniform motioncover equal distances2. Ininnon-uniform motion
acceleration is zero
equal intervals of acceleration
time is not constant
A flying bird covers
unequal distances in
equal intervals of time
 IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF MOTION

Uniform Non-Uniform
Motion Motion

e-
Unequal
Unequal distances
distances inin Equal distances in
Unequal
equal distances in
equal intervals
intervals of
of time
time
equal intervals of time n equal intervals of time.

p
+

Motion of
Motion
TrainMotion
vehicles
Motion
of on
arrivingofan
electrons
of the the
/handsbird
extremely
Leaving
roundofthe busy
thenucleus
clock road
station
 Amar , Akbar and Anthony are travelling by their own cars.
Activity Lets us understand whose car is moving with uniform motion.

Amar Akbar Anthony

Distance covered by Distance covered by Distance covered by
Clock Time Amar in kilometer Akbar in kilometer Anthony in kilometer
5.00 0 0 0
30 20 18 14
5.30 20 18 14
30 20 18 14
6.00 40 36 28
30 20 6 14
6.30 60 42 42
30 20 28 14
7.00 80 70 56
30 20 25 14
7.30 100 95 70
30 20 25 14
8.00 120 120 84
LECTURE 2
Motion
• Physical quantities
• System of Units
Physical Quantities
YES
Can
TIME
TIME
Anything
physical
measured? YES
is abe Can
DISTANCE
that
quantity
DISTANCE
is abe
canquantity
physical be measured
measured?
is a PHYSICAL QUANTITY.

NO
LOVE
Can LOVE
physical
is notbea
measured?
quantity
 Physical Quantities

Physical quantities
Scalars are of two types Vectors
To measure force, both
1. Physical quantities which 1. Physical quantities
magnitude which
and direction
MagnitudeTomeans
can be completely measure mass,
possess
To measure time, aremagnitude
required. So itas
is awell
value or a number
described by their direction is notas direction
direction is not required. vectorare called
quantity
magnitude alone are required.
So called
it is a scalar So it is‘Vector
quantity a Quantities’.
‘Scalar Quantities’. scalar quantity

Examples: Time, Examples: Force,

Mass etc Displacement etc
 UNITS
Units are a system of measurement.

M.K.S. C.G.S.
Two systems of measurement
System System
meter – kilogram – second centimeter – gram – second

S.I. System It is also

called as
System International units
OR
Standard International units
Motion
• Distance and Displacement
 CONCEPT OF DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT
An athlete
is running a
race “A” is the
Let us say, the initial point
shortest
distance
between A
START The actual path
The shortest run by the
(initial) & B (final
distance between
point) is 160m A athlete is athlete is called
The
the is
“B” initial and
the final covering a path ‘Distance’
finalpoint
point is of 250m
‘Displacement’ between A & B

250 m

B
CONCEPT OF DISTANCE & DISPLACEMENT
The shortest
distance
Now the betweenSoAthe
(final
athlete is point) & A
displacement
running
START The(initial
path ispoint)
zero is
from A to A So the
covered byzero
distance is
A athlete is
500 m
500 m

500 m
 Distance Displacement
From A to B 250 m 160 m
From A to A 500 m 0m

START
A

B
 Distinguish between Distance & Displacement
Distance Displacement
1. Distance is the total path 1. The shortest distance
Needs only Needs both
travelled by an object measured from the initial
magnitude magnitude
to the final position of an
& direction
no direction
object is known as the
displacement

2. It is a scalar quantity 2. It is a vector quantity

3. It is either equal to or 3. It is either equal to or

greater than displacement less than distance.
In a straight line motion ,
Distance = Displacement
 1 - In the given figure, object starts its motion at point A, goes to B-C-D and again
came back to A. Find DISTANCE at point A.
5m
B C
A 0 B 16 3m 3m

A D
C can’t say D 8 5m

2 - In the given figure, object starts its motion at point A, goes to B-C-D and again
came back to A. Find DISPLACEMENT at point A. 5m
B C

3m 3m
A 0 B 16
A D
C can’t say D 8 5m
 3 - Vectors are physical quantities which possess ……………

A magnitude B magnitude & direction

C direction D either magnitude are direction

4 - When a athlete runs on a circular track and reaches the same point ……………

A Displacement = distance B Distance > displacement

C Displacement > 0 D Distance < displacement

5 - Displacement is _____________ quality.

A vector B scalar

C Both of these D none of these

 An object has moved through a distance. Can it have zero
displacement? If yes, support Your answer with an example.

Ans. Yes, even when an object moves through a distance it can have zero
displacement.

A 30 km B

Total distance travelled = AB + BA = 30 + 30 = 60 km.

But as the final position coincides with the initial position, the
displacement is zero.
 Which of the following is true for displacement?
(a) It cannot be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by
the object.

Ans. Both these statements are not true, because

(a) Its magnitude can be zero.
(b) Its magnitude is either less than or equal to the distance
travelled by the object.
Motion
• Speed and Velocity
• Units and their relation
 SPEED VELOCITY

The displacement of a body in unit

The distance travelled by the
1 1 time is called velocity Or Speed of
object in unit time is called speed.
an object in a particular direction.

distance displacement
2 Speed = 2 Velocity =
time time

3 It is a scalar quantity 3 It is a vector quantity

Needs Needs both

It is either equal to oronly
greater than It is either equal to or less than
4 magnitude no 4 magnitude &
velocity. speed.
direction direction
 m
distance
cm UNIT
speed =
s
time
M.K.S = m/s

C.G.S = cm/s

 Units of speed & velocity are the same

- Speed is related to distance.

- Velocity is related to displacement
 Commercial unit of Speed and Velocity is km/h
Conversion of commercial unit to SI unit Example
1 km= 1000 m
1 hr = 60 min 5 5
90 km/hr = 90
1 min = 60 sec 18
1
= 25 m/s
1 hr = 60  60 sec

1 hr = 3600 sec 1
5
18 km/hr = 18 ×
5 1000 m 18 1
1 km/hr =
3600 s = 5 m/s
18

5
1 km/hr = m/s
18
 Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of
an object equal to its average speed ?

Ans. The magnitude of average velocity of an object is equal to its average

speed only if the object is moving in a straight line.

A B
 A cheetah is the fastest land animal and can achieve a peak velocity
of 100 km/h up to distances less than 500 m. If a cheetah spots its
prey at a distance of 100 m, what is the minimum time it will take to
get its prey, if the average velocity attained by it is 90 km/h?

90 km 90 × 5 m
Ans. Average velocity = 90 km/h = = = 25 ms–1
1h 18 s

Displacement
Also, Average velocity =
Time taken
Q Cheetah moves in a straight line displacement is equal to 100 m

100
\ Time taken = = 4s
25
LECTURE 3
 During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached
1 the ground station in five minutes. What was the distance
of the spaceship from the ground station? The signal travels
at the speed of light, that is, 3 × 108 m s–1.
Given : Time (t) = 5 min
= 5 × 60
v = 3 × 108 ms–1
= 300 s
Speed of the signal = 3 × 108 m s–1
To find : Distance = ? t = 5 min
Distance travelled
Formula : Speed =
Time taken
Distance travelled
Solution : Speed =
Time taken
\ Distance travelled = Speed × Time taken
= 3 × 108 × 300
Ans : The distance of=the
3 ×spaceship
108 × 3 ×from
102
the ground station
= 9is× 910×1010
m m.
10
 An object travels 16 m in 4 s and then another 16 m in 2 s.
2 What is the average speed of the object?

Given : Total distance travelled = 16 + 16 = 32m

Total Time = 4 + 2 = 6s
To find : Average speed = ?
Total distance travelled
Formula : Average speed
=
Total time taken
t1 =Average
4s speed
= tTotal distance travelled
1 = 2 s
Solution :
Total time taken
32
= C
A 16 m B 616 m
= 5.33 m s–1
Ans : The average speed of the object is 5.33 m s–1.
 Usha swims in a 90 m long pool. She covers 180 m in one
minute by swimming from one end to the other and back
3 along the same straight path. Find the average speed and
average velocity of Usha.
3
Given : Total distance = 180 m 180
Average speed = = 3 m s-1
Total displacement
Usha swims =back0mto 1 60
Total the
Time = 1 min
same position = 60 s
As displacement is zero,
To find : Average speed = ? Average velocity = 0 m s-1
Average velocity = ? Ans : The average speed of Usha
Total distance covered is 3 m s–1 and her average
Distancespeed
Formulae : Average covered
=
s = 90 + 90 = 180 m Total time taken velocity is 0 m s–1.
Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time taken

Total distance covered

A: Total
Solution Average
timespeed = B
90 m Total time taken
t = 1 min
Motion
• Acceleration
• Types of acceleration
 On a busy road the Acceleration (a)
velocity of the vehicles
rate ofDifference
Thechanges with timeof velocity is called acceleration.
change
in velocity

VelocityChange Acceleration =
changes in velocity Final velocity  Initial velocity
Acceleration=
Acceleration = with time a
Time
Velocity after Time Velocity in the
cm/s
vm/s
-u
some time a = beginning
Initial velocity = u st
Accelerator
Acceleration = Final velocity  Initial velocity
UNIT
Final velocity = v
Time
m
M.K.S =
Time = t s2
cm
C.G.S =
s2
Plane
Planemoving with constant speed
taking off
landing
Positive Negative Zero

Velocity ­↑ Velocity ­↓ Velocity = constant

Retardation or
Deceleration
 1 – Earth rotating on its axis is an example of ………..

A Positive acceleration B Negative acceleration

C Zero acceleration D None of these

1 – A car starting from rest and moving is an example of

A Positive acceleration B Negative acceleration

C Zero acceleration D None of these

 3 - The distance travelled by a body in a given direction in unit time is called
___________.

A velocity B speed

C velocity or speed D acceleration

4 - Which of the following statements is correct.

A Units of speed & velocity are different B Units of velocity & acceleration all same

C Units of speed & velocity are same D Units of speed & velocity are same only
in MKS system
1 A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h–1 to 60 km h–1 in 5 s.
Find the acceleration of the bus.
v-u
Given : Initial speed (u) = 80 km h –1 Solution : a =
40 t
5
= 80 × m s–1 16.66 – 22.22
9 18 =
= 22.22 m s–1 5
\= a- 1.112 m s–2
Final speed (v) = 60 km h–1
10 5
= 60 × m s–1 Ans : The acceleration of the bus is
3 18 - 1.112 m s–2.
= 16.66 m s–1 The negative sign indicates that the
Time taken (t) = 5 s velocity of bus is decreasing.
To find : Acceleration (a) = ?
v-u
Formula : a = t
 A train starting from a railway station and moving with
2 uniform acceleration attains a speed 40 km h–1 in 10 minutes.
Find its acceleration.

Given : Initial speed (u) = 0 km h–1 v-u

Solution : a =
Final speed (v) = 40 km h–1 t
20 5 11.11 – 0
= 40 × m s–1 =
600
9 18
= 11.11 m s–1 11.11
Time taken (t) = 10 min =
600
= 10 × 60 s \= a0.0185 m s–2
= 600s
To find : Acceleration (a) = ?
v-u
Formula : a =
t
Ans : The acceleration of the train
is 0.0185 m s–2
Motion
• Uniform and non uniform Acceleration
 UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Time in Velocity in UNIFORM ACCELERATION
second m/sec.
0 0 The If there are equal changes in velocity of body
difference
The change in
5 8
between in
twoequal intervals of time, then it possesses
instance
5 5 8 velocity in the time
8 of time is 5 seconds uniform acceleration.
interval is constant. At 10 seconds,
10 5 16 So,
8 there is equal velocity is seconds,
At 35 16 m/sec
intervals Equal
of time changes in At 5 seconds,
start with the velocity is 8is m/sec
velocity 56 m/sec
15 5 24 8 To m/s)
velocity (8
20 5 32 8 So the van is moving with
van is at rest
uniform
At zero acceleration
time,
25 5 40 8 Time Velocity
velocity is zero
30 5 48 8 0
35
10
5 0
56
16
8
35 56
 NON-UNIFORM ACCELERATION
Time in Velocity in If there are unequal changes in
second m/sec. Equal
The difference
velocity of body in equal intervals
0 0
intervals of The
between twochange in
5 7 of time, then it possesses
instantsvelocity
time of time in time
5 5 7 8 Non-uniform
varies.acceleration.
Unequal
interval
is 5 seconds
10 5 15 11 changes in
velocity Velocity
15 5 26 4
So the
changes van is
with
20 5 30 10 Tozero
At start with,
second, moving with
time
25 5 40 8 the vanisiszero
velocity at non -uniform
30 5 48 rest acceleration
4
35 52
 When will you say a body is in (i) uniform acceleration, (ii) non-
uniform acceleration?

Ans. (i) -If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity increases
or decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, then
the body is said to be in uniform acceleration.
-For example, the motion of a freely falling body.

(ii) -If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity changes by
unequal amounts in equal intervals of time, then the body is said to be
in non-uniform acceleration.
-For example, if a car is travelling along a straight road and passes
through a crowd, suffers unequal change in velocity, in equal intervals
of time, so the car is moving with non-uniform acceleration.
LECTURE 4
Motion
• Basic concept of graph
• Distance time graph for uniform motion
 What quantity Y

dependent variable
should be taken E.g. Two variables
in X and Y axis ? Time and Distance

distance
X' O X
time
Independent variable independent variable
on X and dependent
variable on Y axis

Y'
Distance-time Graph for Uniform motion

Time Distance Y Scale : On X axis 2 cm = 5 second

(sec) (metre) On Y axis 1 cm = 7 metre
(25, 35)
0 0 35
5 7 (20, 28)
28

Distance in metre
10 14 (15, 21)
15 21 21
(10, 14)
20 28 14
(5, 7)
25 35 7
The
Thebody
graphisissaid
straight a linear
lineto
inhave
the (0, 0)
a uniform
graph.
distance time motion
graph O 5 10 15 20 25 X
shows that the distance
is increasing with time Time in second
Motion
• Finding velocity in distance-time graph
by slope method
• Distance time graph for non-uniform motion
Find the velocity
Velocity ? ofof
= Slope thedistance
object in givengraph
- time graph
For example : (x1) (y1)
Consider points A (5, 7) and Y Distance-time Graph
B (10, 14)
(x2) (y2) (25, 35)
y2 – y1 35
Then slope = (20, 28)

Distance in metre
x2 – x 1
28
14 – 7 (15, 21)
= s –s 21
102– 5 1
t – t1 (10, 14)
7 2 metre 14
= B (x2) (y2)
5 second (5, 7)
= 1.4 m/sec 7
A (x1) (y1)
(0, 0)
O 5 10 15 20 25 X
Time in second
Find the velocity
Velocity ? ofof
= Slope thedistance
object in givengraph
- time graph
For example : (x1) (y1)
Y Distance-time Graph
Consider points A (5, 7) and
B (10, 14) (25, 35)
(x2) (y2)
s –s 35
Then slope = 2 1 (20, 28)

Distance in metre
t2 – t1
28
28 – 21 (15, 21) B (s2) (t2)
=
20 – 15 21 A (s1) (t1)
(10, 14)
7 metre 14
=
5 second (5, 7)
= 1.4 m/sec 7
(0, 0)
O 5 10 15 20 25 X
Time in second
Distance-time graph for Non-uniform motion

Time Distance Y Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 2 units

(sec) (metre) 70 On Y axis 1 cm = 10 units
0 0 60
2 1 (14,49)
50
4 4

Distance in metre
40 (12,36)
6 9
30 (10,25)
8 16
20 (8,16)
10 25
(6,9)
12 36 10
(2, 1) (4,4)
The
14body
Hence
TheThecovers
this
nature
graph unequal
graph thatdistance
is the
of
shows
49 for
in graph
equal
non-uniform
distance intervals
motion of time.
is non-linear
increases with time X' 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 X
Y'
Time in second
Motion
• Velocity time graph for uniform motion
• Finding distance travelled by an object in
velocity-time graph for uniform motion
 VELOCITY - TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION
Y Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 1 unit
60 B (3, 50) On Y axis 1 cm = 10 units

50
A B C (6, 50) C
Velocity (m / sec)

40
150 m
Consider Consider point
Velocity = 50 m/s
Velocity = 50point
m/s
Cto
(6,B50) Time = 6 s
30 TimeB (3,= 50)
3s Distance
300 m up Distance up to C
= Velocity × Time = Velocity × Time
20 = 50 × 3 = 50 × 6
= 150 m = 300 m
10
E t1 D t2
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
Time in Sec
 VELOCITY TIME GRAPH FOR UNIFORM MOTION
Y P Q Scale :
60 On X axis 1 cm = 1 unit
B (3, 50) C (6, 50) On Y axis 1 cm = 10 units
A B C
50
Velocity (m / sec)

? m
150 Distance covered by boy from B to C
40 = Distance AC – Distance AB
= 300m – 150m
150 m
30 = 150 m
300 m
20

10
E t1 t2 D
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
Time in Sec.
Velocity Time Graph For Uniform
Motion by Graphical Method, Distance covered by boy from
B to C = A (oBCDE)
Y
= l×b
60 Distance covered by boy
Breadth = 3 s = 50 × 3
B C BCDE
= Area of is a
rectangle
50 = 150 m
Rectangle
(3, 50) (6, 50)
Velocity (m / sec)

40

30 Length = 50 m

20

10
Time in Seconds.
E D
1 2 3 4 5 6 X
Motion
• Velocity-time graph for uniformly
accelerated motion
Velocity - Time Graph for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Y Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 5 units

On Y axis 1 cm = 8 units
Time in Velocity in 56
second m/sec. (35,56)
Thus,
0 For fornon-uniformly
all uniformly
0 accelerated
48 motion, the
Velocity-Time
Velocity-Time graphgraph is a straight
can have line.according
any shape (30,48)
5 8 Changes
40 with respect in the velocity of(25,40)
a car at
to the variation in velocity to time.

Velocity in m/s
10 16 regular intervals of time are given in the
32
15 24 table. Draw a Velocity-Time
(20,32) graph.
20 32 24 (15,24)
25 40 16
30 48 (10,16)
8
35 56 (5,8)

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 X
(0,0)
Time in second
Velocity - Time Graph for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Distance travelled Consider time interval

from 10 seconds to 20 seconds Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 5 units
On Y axis 1 cm = 8 units
Y
Distance travelled Between D and C
56
= A (oABCD)
48
= A (oAECD) + A (∆ABE)
1 40 B

Velocity in m/s
= (l  b) + bh
2 32
1
= (16  10) +  10  16
2 24 h
A
= 160 + 80 16
b E
= 240 m 8
l
D b C
O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 X
Time in second
Velocity - Time Graph for Uniformly Accelerated Motion

Acceleration = ?Slope of Velocity-Time graph

Scale : On X axis 1 cm = 5 units
Y On Y axis 1 cm = 8 units
Consider points A (10, 16) and B (20, 32)
(x1) (y1) (x2) (y2) 56

y 2 – y1 48
Then slope =
x2 – x1 40 B

Velocity in m/s
32 – 16 32 (20, 32)
= (x2) (y2)
20 – 10 24
16 A
= 16 (10, 16)
10
(x1) (y1)
8
= 1.6 m/s 2

O 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 X
(0,0)
Time in second
 Slope Slope

Distance – Time HowVelocity

to be sure if we
– Time Acceleration – Time
graph have to find
graph graph
SLOPE or AREA ?

Area Area
LECTURE 5
Motion
• Equations of motion
There are three
equations which
They are called
help us to study
KINEMATICAL
Motion OF
EQUATIONS
MOTION
 EQUATIONS OF MOTION

Does
Final not depend
velocity = onv 𝒗 = 𝒖 + 𝒂𝒕
MASS
Since this equation gives the
Initial velocity = u
relation between VELOCITY
Since this equation gives the relation 1
and TIME, it is called the at2
between DISPLACEMENT and s = 𝒖t +
Acceleration = a VELOCITY-TIME
VELOCITY, it is called the 2
RELATION
DISPLACEMENT -VELOCITY
Since this equation gives the
RELATION
relation between DISPLACEMENT
Time = t and TIME, it is called the
DISPLACEMENT -TIME
𝒗 2
= 𝒖2
+ 2 𝒂s
Displacement = s RELATION
 EQUATIONS OF MOTION BY GRAPHICAL METHOD

at t = 0 u Y time t=0, let the velocity

At Initialat t v u = OD
velocity
be u (initial velocity)
Final velocity v = OC
Time t = OE
A s B
Time Velocity C B
v let s be the
0 u OCvelocity
At time t, let the = OD + CD
displacement
Consider the motion of the
Velocity v-u be v (final
 velocity)
CD = OC - OD
t vbus along a straight line
with uniform acceleration CD = v - u ..... (1)
u
v Since we have t the values of
D A
velocity and time, we can
Final= velocity
Change –inInitial velocity
plot a CD
Velocity-Time velocity
graph
u u
t E
O t X
Time
 1. Equation for velocity-time relation
1st kinematical equation :- v = u + at
OC = OD + CD
 CD = OC - OD
Change in velocity
Acceleration = Time = t  CD = v - u ..... (1)
Time Change in velocity = CD
a= CD
C B
t v

Velocity
AccelerationCD
=a
at = vat
-u

 CD = at ……….(2) u
t
v A
D
From eq. 1 and 2, u u
v - u = at t E
O t X
v = u + at Time
First kinematical equation
 2. Equation for Displacement-time relation
2nd kinematical equation :- s = ut + 1 at2
2
Distance travelled = Area of quadrilateral DOEB
s = A (quadrilateral DOEB)
s = A (oDOEA) + A (DAB)
s = (l × b) + ½ (b × h)
A of
s = (OE × AE) + ½ (DA ×AAB) ….(Eq.1)
of triangle
rectangle C B
But, AE = u, v

Velocity
= l ×ub = ½ (b× h)
OE isAE the
OE = DA =ist, tthe DA isAB
the is the
base at
length of
breadth of of triangle
height of
CD = AB
rectangle= at
at t
rectangle Quadrilateral DOEB
triangle v u A
The shaded D
Substituting value in eq. 1 is made up of
region is the area u u
s = ( OE × AE ) + ½oDOEA
( DAof AB&)DDAB
× quadrilateral
….(Eq.1) t
E
1 O t X
s = ut + at2 Second kinematical equation Time
2
 3. Equation for Displacement-velocity relation B

3rd kinematical equation :- v2 = u2 + 2as

Distance travelled = Area of oDOEB D
s = Area of trapezium DOEB
1
s = (OD + BE)  OE
2 O E
But, OD = u, BE = v, OE = t
1 C B
s = 2 (v + u)  t …..(i) v

Velocity
v-u v-u
Now, a =
t
v-u t
i.e. t = …..(ii) v u A
a D
Substituting equation (ii) in equation (i) ,
u u
(v1 + u)  (v - u) (v -(au)+ b)  (a - b) = a2 - b2 t
s s== 2 (v + u)  E
2a a O t
2as = (v + u) × (v – u) X
Time
2as = v2 – u2
v2 = u2 + 2as Third kinematical equation
 A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has
1 an acceleration of 2 cm s-2. What will be its velocity
3 s after the start?

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m s–1

Acceleration (a) = 2 cm s–2
2
= m s–2
100
= 0.02 m s–2
Time (t) = 3 s
To find : Final velocity (v) = ?
Formula : v = u + at
Solution : v = u + at
\ v = 0 + (0.02 × 3)
\ v = 0.06 m s–1
Ans : The velocity of the trolley after 3 seconds
from start is 0.06 m s–1 .
 A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a
1 straight line at a constant rate of 3.0 m/s2 for 8 s. How far
does the boat travel during this time?

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m/s

Acceleration (a) = 3.0 m/s2
At rest, Acceleration
Time (t) = 8s (i) a =
v 3.0
= m/s
u +2 at
u=0
To find : Distance covered (s) = ?
1 Time
1 2 (ii) s = ut + at 2
Formula : s = ut + at 2 t = 8s
2 1
Solution : Distance covered (s) = ut + at2
2 This formulasis (iii)
best v2 = u2 + 2as
1 suited2 as u, a and t
= 0 ×8 + Distance
× 3 × (8)
covered
are given
2 s=?
Ans : Boat travels a distance 1 4
of 96 m = 0 + ×3 ×8×8
1 2
= 3×8 × 4 = 96 m
LECTURE 6
Motion
• Circular motion
• Uniform circular motion
• Finding velocity of an object moving along a
circular path
 Let us consider
Circular Motion a body moving along a
closed path.
Motion of the body along the circumference
of the circle is called circular motion.

Uniform Circular Motion

Motion of the body along the

Direction keeps on changing
circumference of the circle with
but magnitude of speed
constant speed is called uniform
always remains same
circular Motion.
This motion is also called as
accelerated motion.
Let the body take
us consider ‘t’ seconds
a body movingto along
go once round
the path. If
a circular v isof
path the speed‘r’.
radius then ……

Circumference of the circle

Speed =
Time taken

2r
v =
t
Motion
• Numerical based on average speed
and average velocity
 Type - A
Total distance covered
Average speed =
NUMERICAL Total time taken

Total displacement
Average velocity =
Total time taken
 The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip
1 and 2400 km at the end of the trip. If the trip took 8 h,
calculate the average speed of the car in km h –1 and m s–1.
1 km = 1000m
Given : Initial odometer reading = 2000 km 5
1000 m 1 h = 3600s
5
Final odometer reading = 2400 km = 50 × = 50 ×
3600 s 18
Time (t) = 8 h 18
\ =vav 13.9 m s–1
To find : Average speed (vav) = ?
Final odometer
Initial odometer 2000 km
2400
s
Formula : = vav reading reading
t
Distance covered
Solution : == 2400
Change in odometer reading
– 2000
by the car, (s)
= 400 km t1 = 8 h
s 400
Average speed of the car vav = =
t 8
= car
50 km h –1 A B
Ans : The average speed of the
is 50 km h–1 or 13.9 m s–1.
 Abdul while driving to school, computes the average
speed for his trip to be 20 km h-1. On his return trip along
2 the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed
is 40 km h-1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip?
Given : Distance covered = x + x = 2x km Total time for the
Average speed to school = 20 kmh-1 = t1 + t2
whole trip (T)
Average speed from school = 40 kmh-1 x x
= +
Distance
Total
To find : Average
from Distance
distance
speed from home
covered by
for Abdul's trip = ? 20 40
school Abdul
to home
= xx km
+ x = to
2xschool
km x km
Distance   covered   2 x  +  x 3 x
Formula : Average speed = = =
Time   taken   40 40
Time taken in forward trip Distance Distance   covered  
Solution : = Average speed =
at a speed of 20 km/h (t1) Speed Time   taken  
x 2x
x km = h … (i) =
20
Time taken in return trip at a x
3 x /40
= h … (ii) 2x 𝟖𝟎
speed of 40 km/h (t2) 4 0 = × 40 =
3 x
Ans :Average speed for Abdul's 𝟑
trip is 26.67=kmh
26.67. kmh–1
-1
 Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road
3 in 2 minutes 50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to
point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average speeds and
velocities in jogging (a) from A to B and (b) from A to C?
Given : Distance A to B = 300 m 300 m 2 min
170 s 50 s
Distance B to C = 100 m
Time taken A to B = 2 min 50 s A C B
= (2 × 60) + 50 100 m 60
1 min
s
= 170 s Solution : (i) From A to B
Time taken B to C = 1 min Distance A to B
= 60 s Average speed =
Time A to B
To find : Average speed and velocity from Shortest distance300
(i) A to B (ii) A to C between=A and B = 1.765 m s–1
170
Distance
Formula : (i) Average speed = Displacement A to B
Time Average velocity =
Time A to B
Displacement
(ii) Average velocity = 300
Time = = 1.765 m s–1
170
 Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road
3 in 2 minutes 50 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to
point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average speeds and
velocities in jogging (a) from A to B and (b) from A to C?
(ii) From A to C 300 m 170 s
Distance A to C = AB + BC
= 300 + 100 A C B
= 400 m
100 m 60 s
Total time A to C = Time A to B + Time B to C Displacement A to C
= 170 + 60 Average velocity =
Total Time A to C
= 230 s 200
Distance A to C = = 0.87 m s–1
Average speed = 230
ShortestTotal
distance
Time A to C Ans (i) The average speed and
between A400
and C :
= = 1.739 m s–1 average velocity of Joseph
230 from A to B are 1.765 m s–1
Displacement A to C = AB – BC (ii) The average speed of Joseph
= 300 – 100 = 200 m from A to C is 1.739 m s –1 and
average velocity is 0.87 m s–1
LECTURE 7
Motion
• Numerical based on acceleration and
equation of motion
 Type - B
𝐯−𝐮
NUMERICAL
( 𝐢 ) 𝐚=
𝟏
𝐭
𝟐
( 𝐢𝐢 ) 𝐬=𝐮𝐭 + 𝐚𝐭
𝟐
(iii) v = u + at
 A car accelerates uniformly from 18 km h–1 to 36 km h–1
2 in 5 s. Calculate (i) the acceleration and (ii) the distance
covered by the car in that time.
Given : Initial velocity (u) = 18 km h–1 v-u
1 5 Solution : (i) a =
= 18 × t
1 18 10 – 5 5
= 5 m s–1 = =
Final velocity (v) = 36 km h–1 5 5
2 5 \= a1 ms–2
= 36 × 1 2
1 18 (ii) s = ut + at
= 10 m s–1 2
Time (t) = 5 s 1
= 5 ×5 + × 1 × (5)2
2
To find : Acceleration (a) = ?
= 25 + 12.5
Distance covered (s) = ?
= 37.5 m
v-u
Formulae : (i) a = Ans : The acceleration of the car is 1 m s–2
t
1 2 and the distance covered is 37.5 m.
(ii) s = ut + at
2
 A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration
3 of 0.1 m s–2 for 2 minutes. Find (a) the speed acquired, (b) the
distance travelled.

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m s–1 1 2

(ii) s = ut + at
Acceleration (a) = 0.1 m s–1 2
1
Time (t) = 2 min = 0 × 120 + × 0.1 × (120)2
2
= 2 × 60 s 60
= 120 s 1
= × 0.1 × 120 × 120
1
2
To find : Speed acquired (v) = ?
Distance travelled (s) = ? = 6 × 120
= 720 m
Formulae : (i) v = u + at
1 Ans : The speed of the bus is 12 m s–1 and
(ii) s = ut + at2 the distance travelled is 720 m.
2
Solution : (i) v = u + at
= 0 + (0.1 × 120 )
\= v12 m s–1
4 A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 m s -2.
What distance will it cover in 10 s after start ?

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m s–1

Acceleration (a) = 4 m s–2
Time (t) = 10 s
To find : Distance travelled (s) = ?
1 2
Formula : s = ut + at
2
1 2
Solution : s = ut + at
2 2
1
= 0 × 10 + × 4 × (10)2
1 2
= 2 × 100
= 200 m
Ans : The distance covered by the racing car in 10 s is 200 m.
 The brakes applied to a car produce an acceleration of 6 m s -2 in the
5 opposite direction to the motion. If the car takes 2 s to stop after the
application of brakes, calculate the distance it travels during this time.
Given : Acceleration (a) = – 6 m s–2 1
Time (t) = 2 s (ii) s = ut + at2
2
Final velocity (v) = 0 m s–1 1
\ s = 12 × 2 + × (– 6) × 22
To find : Initial velocity (u) = ? 2
= 24 – 12
Distance travelled (s) = ?
\ s = 12 m
Formulae : (i) v = u + at Ans : Thus, the car will move 12 m before it
1
(ii) s = ut + at2 stops after the application of brakes.
2
Solution : (i) v = u + at
\ 0 = u + (– 6) × 2
\ u = 12 ms–1
Motion
• Numerical based on uniform
circular motion
 Type - C
NUMERICAL
Circumference of the circle
Speed =
Time
Perimeter of field
Speed =
Time
 An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit
1 of radius 42250 km. Calculate its speed if it takes
24 hours to revolve around the earth.
Time = 24 hrs
Given : Radius of the circular path (r) = 42250 km
Time taken to complete one round=(t)24 hours
To find : Speed (v) = ?
r
distance
Formula : Speed =
Time Circumference = 2r
Radius
2pr r = 42250 km
Solution : v =
t 21125
11
1 22 × 42250
= 2 ×
7 12× 24
6
11 × 21125 3
\
= v
7 × 3
\
Ans : The v
= speed
11065 km h-1
of satellite = 11065 km h-1
 An athlete completes one round of a circular track of
2 diameter 200 m in 40 s. what will be the distance covered
and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s?

Given : Diameter (d) = 200 m

d 200
Radius (r) = = = 100 m
2 2
Time for 1 round (t) = 40 s
1 round of the r=
To find : (i) Distance after 2 min 20 sec = ? = 100 m
circular track d = 200 m
(ii) Displacement after 2 min 20 sec = ?

2pr
Solution : (i) Distance covered in 40 s = Circumference of circle
= 2 × p × 100 t = 40 s
= 200p m
5 Circumference
200 p of circle
Distance covered in 1 s = = 5p m
1 40 40
Total time athlete run = 2 min 20 s
= (2 × 60) + 20
= 140 s
 An athlete completes one round of a circular track of
2 diameter 200 m in 40 s. what will be the distance covered
and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s?
\ Distance covered in 140 s = 5 p × 140
= 700 p m
100 22
= ×700
1 7
= 2200 m
d = 200 m
Number of rounds Distance covered in 140 s
(ii) =
athlete runs Distance covered in 40 s
700 p
= = 3.5 rounds
200 p
3.5 rounds = 3 full rounds + 1 half round
Displacement
Person is at the = Diameter
opposite sideof
oftrack
the track after
= 200 m 3.5 round.
Ans
After 2 min 20 s, the distance covered in 2200 m
:
and displacement is 200 m
 A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side
3 10 m in 40 s. What will be the magnitude of displacement of
the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds?

Given : Side of the square field = 10 m B 10 m C

perimeter = 10 × 4
= 40 m
Time for 1 round (t) = 40 s
1 round of
To find : (i) Displacement after 2 min 20 sec = ?
the field
A D
40 m
Solution : (i) Distance covered in 40 s = Perimeter of field t = 40 s
1
40
Perimeter of field
Distance covered in 1 s = = 1m
40
1 40
Total time farmer moves = 2 min 20 s
= (2 × 60) + 20
= 140 s
 A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side
3 10 m in 40 s. What will be the magnitude of displacement of
the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds?

\ Distance covered in 140 s = 1 × 140 B 10 m C

= 140 m
Number of rounds Distance covered in 140 s
=
farmer completes Distance covered in 40 s
140
= = 3.5 rounds A D
40
t = 40 s
3.5 rounds = 3 full rounds + 1 half round

Person is at the
Displacement √
= 𝑨𝑫𝟐+
opposite
(AC) 𝑫𝑪𝟐 
side of √
= 102 + 102
the track after 3.5 round.
= √ 200
m after 2min 20sec will be
Ans : Displacement =of farmer
equal to m north east from initial position.
LECTURE 8
Motion
• Numerical based on acceleration and
equation of motion
 Type - D

( 𝐢 ) 𝟐 𝐚𝐬=𝐯 𝟐 −   𝐮𝟐
NUMERICAL
𝐯−𝐮
( 𝐢𝐢 ) 𝒂=
𝐭
 Starting from a stationary position, Rahul paddles his bicycle to
1 attain a velocity of 6 m s–1 in 30 s. Then he applies brakes such
that the velocity of the bicycle comes down to 4 m s -1 in the next
5 s. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle in both the cases.
Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m s–1 Caseu 2=:0As Rahul applies
v1 = 6 msbrakes
-1 v2 = 4 ms-1
Velocity (v1) = 6 m s–1 v2 – v 1 4–6 –2
Velocity (v2) = 4 m s–1 a2 = = =
t2 5 5
Time (t1) = 30 s \ a2 = –t10.4 = 30mss–2 t2= 5 s
Time (t2) = 5 s
Ans : AThe acceleration B of the bicycle C in
To find : Acceleration a1 and a2 = ?
v11- is
thea case u 0.2 mas–2=and
v2 – in
v1 the
v-u 1= 2
Formula : a = case 2, it tis
1
–0.4 m s–2. t2
t
Solution : Case 1 : As Rahul paddles
v1 - u 6–0
a1 = =
t1 30
\ a1 = 0.2 m s–2
 A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20 m. If its velocity
2 increases uniformly at the rate of 10 ms-2, with what velocity will
it strike the ground? After what time will it strike the ground?

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 m s–1 v-u

(ii) a =
Displacement (s) = 20 m t
Acceleration (a) = 10 m s–2 v-u 20 – 0
\= t = Initial velocity
To find : Velocity (v) = ? Displacement a 10 u=0
Time (t) = ? s = 20 m 20
\= t

20 m
10
Formulae : (i) v2 = u2 + 2as
v-u \= t2 sec
(ii) a =
t Ans : (i) It strikes the ground with
Solution : (i) v2 = u2 + 2as a velocity of 20 ms–1
Acceleration
\ v2 = (0)2 + 2 × 10 × 20 (ii) It strikes the ground after
a = 10 ms-1
\ v2 = 400 2 sec.
\ v = √ 400
\ v = 20 m s–1
 A train starting from rest attains a velocity of 72 km h –1 in
5 minutes. Assuming that the acceleration is uniform, find
3 (i) the acceleration and (ii) the distance travelled by the
train for attaining this velocity.
Given : Initial velocity (u) = 0 v-u
Solution : (i) a =
Final velocity (v) = 72 km h–1 t 1
4 5 20 – 0 20
= 72 × m s-1 = =
300 300
1 18 15
= 20 m s-1 1
\= a ms–2
Total time (t) = 5 minutes u =150
= 5 × 60 s. (ii) 2as = v2 – u 2
= 300 s. 200
2as = v2 – 0
To find : Acceleration (a) = ? v2 (20)2 400 × 15
distance travelled (s) = ? s = = =
2a 2×(1/15) 1
2
v-u = 3000 m
Formulae : (i) a =
t = 3 km
(ii) 2as = vof–the
Ans : The acceleration 2
u2 train is m s–2 and
the distance travelled is 3 km.
 A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of

4 5 m s-1. If the acceleration of the stone during its motion is 10 m s –2 in

the downward direction, what will be the height attained by the
stone and how much time will it take to reach there?

Given : Initial velocity (u) = 5 m s–1

Final velocity (v) = 0 m s–1 (ii) v-u
a =
Downward Acceleration = 10 m s–2 t
Upward Acceleration (a) = - 10 m s–2 v-u = 0–5 =
-5
t = - 10
To find : Height attained (s) = ? a - 10
Time taken (t) = ? t = 0.5 s
Formulae : (i) 2as = v2 – u2
v–u
(ii) a =
t
Solution : (i) 2as = v – u2
2

v2 – u2 02 – 5 2 – 25
\= s = =
2a 2 (– 10) – 20
Ans :
\ = s1.25 m
The stone attains a height of 1.5m in 0.5 s
 A train is travelling at a speed of 90 km h–1. Brakes are applied so as to
5 produce a uniform acceleration of – 0.5 m s-2. Find how far the train will
go before it is brought to rest.
Given : Initial velocity (u) = 90 km h–1
5 5
= 90 × m s–1
1 18
= 25 m s–1
Final velocity (v) = 0 m s–1
Acceleration (a) = – 0.5 m s–2
To find : Distance travelled (s) = ?
Formula : 2as = v2 – u2
Solution : 2as = v2 – u2
v2 – u 2 02 – 252 – 252
\= s = =
2a 2(– 0.5) –1
\ = s625 m
Ans : The train travels a distance of 625 m.
Motion
• Numerical based on graph
 Four cars A, B, C and D are moving on a levelled road. Their
distance versus time graphs are shown in figure. Which car is the
slowest?
Ans. Speed = Slope of distance-time graph. The A

Distance (m) 
B
smaller the slope, the smaller is the speed.
C
From the figure, slope is minimum for car D. So,
D is the slowest car.
D

Time (s) 
 The distance-time graph of three objects A, B and C is shown.
Study the graph and answer the following questions.
1 (a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest ?
(b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road ?
(c) How far has C travelled when B passes A ? To From
Among points
‘A’,far
‘B’‘C’
find how
To find this we draw a O,
?hasP‘
(d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes C and and Q
C’ which?
travelled
line parallel to X- Axis
angle isNo greater?
Y B C A
a) ‘B’ travelling the fastest 12
b) Thus no, there are never at the same

Distance (km)
point on the road Is there is a common point
of intersection for the 8
c) Thus ‘C’ travels a distance Point of
of 6.4‘A’,
km intersection for
From
objects the point
‘B’ of
& ‘C’?
when ‘B’ passes ‘A the object ‘B’, & ‘A’? A
intersection
From the point draw ofa line Q
“C”Which“A”intersects
makes onintersects
makes angle
Which
perpendicular
intersection draw toaon
Y-axis
line
d) Thus ‘B’ travels a distance
CY-ofaxis
with4 the
anglekm at
 6.4
X-axiskm
with the 4
Y- axis
perpendicular at X-axis
A to 4 km
when it passes ‘C’ “B” makes on
X-axis C
Made by‘with
the P
Yes,
angle it’sB B’ B
object B X
the X-axis 0
O 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
Time (hour)
Motion
• Numerical based on graph
 A driver of a car travelling at 52 kmh-1 applies the brakes & accelerator
uniformly in the opposite direction, the car stops in 5 sec. Another driver
1 going at 34 kmh-1 in another car applies his brakes slowly & stops in 10
sec. On the same graph paper plot the speed versus time graphs for two
cars. Which of the two cars travelled further after the brakes were applied?
Given : Velocity of car1 (u1) = 52 km h–1
Velocity of car2 (u2) = 34 km h–1 Y
Time (t1) = 5 sec 60

Speed (km/h)
Time (t2) = 10 sec
A (52 kmh )
-1

To find : Distance covered by first car = ? 50

Distance covered by second car = ?
1 40
1 Distance covered C (34 kmh-1)
= OC∆OCD
× OD
Solution
The : = Distance
area under AO
speed ×covered
OB
time
by first
2 the the secondgraph =
car5
=2∆AOB
Ar Ar
30
by
represents distance car
travelled. 5
1 1kmh -1
= ms1 -1 1-1 kmh -1
= ms-1
= 52kmh × 5
-1 =
18 2 34kmh × 10 18
2 20
1 5 (10 s)
1 car5travels
Ans : The second further= 34
after the ms -1
× 10 10 B (5 s) X
= 52 ms × 5
-1
2 18 D
2 applied
brakes are 18
= 36.1m = 47.2m 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Time
 The speed-time graph for a car is shown below.

2 (a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the
graph that represents the distance travelled by the car during the period.
(b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car?
To find : (i) Distance travelled in first 4 s = ?
Shaded region is
(ii) Part which represents uniform 8 similar to a triangle

Speed (ms–1)
motion = ?
Solution : 6
(i) The area under speed time graph represents
distance travelled. 4
Distance travelled in first 4 s h
1 2
=
Area of shaded region × bArea
× h of triangle
2 b
12 0
= × 4 × 6 = 12 m 2 4 6 8 10
1
2 Time (s)
For uniform
(ii) Part of graphmotion
betweenspeed-time
6 s to 10 sgraph is : (i) Distance travelled in first 4 s is 12 m
Ans
a straight line
represents parallel
uniform to x-axis.
motion of car. (ii) Motion is uniform after the 6th second.
 What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance
time graph is a straight lint parallel to the time axis?

Ans. The object is stationary, i.e., at rest.

X
t
 What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed-time
graph is a straight line parallel to time axis?

Ans. It indicates that the object is moving with uniform speed.

X
t
 What is the shape of velocity-time graph for non-uniformly
accelerated motion?

Ans. The velocity-time graph for non-uniformly accelerated motion can

have any shape.
 Draw the distance-time graph for a car moving with non-uniform
speed.

Ans.
Distance (in m) 

Time (s) 
 Draw the velocity-time graph of an object moving with uniform
velocity.

Ans.
Velocity 

Time 
 Plot a speed-time graph when the body is under non-uniform
acceleration?

Ans.
Speed 

Time 
 Plot a speed-time graph when the body is under non-uniform
retardation?

Ans.
Speed 

Time 
 Draw a velocity-time graph when the speed changes alternatively.

Ans.
Velocity 

Time 
 Plot the velocity-time graph when the velocity increases in a
stepwise manner.

Ans.
Velocity 

Time 