Programming

Fundamentals
Lecture 2
 Computer Components, Languages?

Since 1946 all computers have

had 5 components!!!

Computer Keyboard,
Processor
Mouse
Memory Devices
Disk
Control Input
(where (where
(“brain”) programs,
programs,
data data
Datapath live when live when
(“brawn”) Output not running)
running)
Display,
6th Component: Printer
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System Bus
Exponential and Scientific Notations

• Extremely large or small numbers can be written in exponential

or scientific notation for ease.
Example:
1. Avogadro’s number, used in chemistry :
602,214,179,000,000,000,000,000

2. Universal gravitational constant used in aerospace :

0.0000000000667428.

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Exponential and Scientific Notations

• Write 602,214,179,000,000,000,000,000 in both notations ?

• Write 0.0000000000667428. in both notations ?

4
Automobile vs Computers

• Who controls an automobile ?

Driver controls it.

• In a computer ??
• More formally, a computer program is a self-contained set of
instructions used to operate a computer to produce a specific result.
• Another term for a program or set of programs is software

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Development and Design of Program

• Begins with a statement of a

problem or a specific request for a
program, which is referred to as a
program requirement.
• Four steps :
Step 1: Analyze the Problem
Step 2: Develop a Solution
(Use / Design an algorithm)
Step 3: Code the Solution
(Write the Program)
Step 4: Test and Correct the
Program 6
 • 1. Determine and understand the
output items the program must
produce.
1. Analyze • 2. Determine the input items.
the Problem
• Together, these two items are
referred to as the problem’s
input/output (I/O).
• Only after determining a problem’s,
I/O can you select specific steps for
transforming inputs into outputs.

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 2. Develop a
Solution
• In this step, you select the exact
set of steps, called an “algorithm”,
to be used to solve the problem.

ALGORITHM
• Step-by-step sequence of
instructions
• Describes how the data is to be
processed to produce the desired
outputs
• “What method will you use to
solve this problem?”

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 3. Code the Solution (Write the Program)

• This step consists of writing a C++ program that

corresponds to the solution developed in Step 2.

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4. Test and Correct the
Program
• The purpose of testing is to verify that a
program works correctly and fulfills its
requirements.

• Computer terminology, a program error is

called a bug

• Debugging is the process of finding and

resolving bugs within computer programs,
software, or systems

10
 Coding an Algorithm

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 Algorithm

An algorithm (step by step instructions) can be represented by:

1. Pseudocode
2. Formula
3. Flow Chart

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Flow Chart

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display. 13
 Example #01

Give an algorithm to find the sum of two numbers entered by the user.

1. Formula
2. Pseudocode
3. Flow Chart

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 Example #01

Start
• Pseudo Code:
a) Input two numbers. Input two
b) Add the two numbers. numbers
c) Display the sum.
Add the two numbers
• Formula: sum=a+b

Display the sum

• Flow Chart:

End
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 Example #01

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 Example#02

Q) A program must calculate the sum of all whole numbers from

1 through 100?
• Can you think of a solution to the problem ?

• Hint: Use formula:

n = number of terms to be added (100)

a = first number to be added (1)
b = last number to be added (100)
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 Example#02

• You can’t tell a computer to add the numbers from 1 through 100.
• Instead, you must give the computer a detailed, step-by-step set of
instructions that collectively form an algorithm.

• Set n equal to 100

• Set a = 1
• Set b equal to 100
• Calculate sum = n(a + b)/2
• Print the sum

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 HOW TO WRITE ALGORITHM ?
Pseudocode
• English-like phrases are used to describe the steps
• e.g.
• Set n equal to 100
• Set a = 1 Start
• Set b equal to 100
• Calculate sum = n(a + b)/2
Set n=100, a=1 and
• Print the sum
b=100
Formula mathematical
equations

sum=n(a+b)/2

Flowchart Diagrams with

certain symbols
Display the sum

19

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EXAMPLE #03

• Give an algorithm for determining the average of three numbers.

1. Formula
2. Pseudocode
3. Flow Chart

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 Example #03

Start
• Pseudo Code:
a) Input three numbers. Input three
b) Find the average of numbers
three numbers.
c) Display the average. Find the average of
three numbers

• Formula: sum=(a+b+c)/3
Display the
average
• Flow Chart:

End
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 Example #03

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Decision block
in the flow
chart

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