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    Chapter 1

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    sahazati
    This document provides an overview of alternating voltage and current. It discusses key topics including: - Why AC is required for power transmission given its advantages over DC such as being able to be stepped up and down. - How AC voltages are generated through rotating magnetic fields in generators. - Common waveform terms like period, frequency, amplitude, average and RMS values. - Phasor representation of AC quantities using magnitude and angle. - Adding and subtracting phasors through vector methods like determining horizontal and vertical components. - Worked examples of determining phase relationships from waveforms and drawing phasor diagrams.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    sahazati
    13 views51 pages
    This document provides an overview of alternating voltage and current. It discusses key topics including: - Why AC is required for power transmission given its advantages over DC such as being able to be stepped up and down. - How AC voltages are generated through rotating magnetic fields in generators. - Common waveform terms like period, frequency, amplitude, average and RMS values. - Phasor representation of AC quantities using magnitude and angle. - Adding and subtracting phasors through vector methods like determining horizontal and vertical components. - Worked examples of determining phase relationships from waveforms and drawing phasor diagrams.

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    CHAPTER 1

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    This document provides an overview of alternating voltage and current. It discusses key topics including: - Why AC is required for power transmission given its advantages over DC such as being able to be stepped up and down. - How AC voltages are generated through rotating magnetic fields in generators. - Common waveform terms like period, frequency, amplitude, average and RMS values. - Phasor representation of AC quantities using magnitude and angle. - Adding and subtracting phasors through vector methods like determining horizontal and vertical components. - Worked examples of determining phase relationships from waveforms and drawing phasor diagrams.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    13 views51 pages

    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    sahazati
    This document provides an overview of alternating voltage and current. It discusses key topics including: - Why AC is required for power transmission given its advantages over DC such as being able to be stepped up and down. - How AC voltages are generated through rotating magnetic fields in generators. - Common waveform terms like period, frequency, amplitude, average and RMS values. - Phasor representation of AC quantities using magnitude and angle. - Adding and subtracting phasors through vector methods like determining horizontal and vertical components. - Worked examples of determining phase relationships from waveforms and drawing phasor diagrams.

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    You are on page 1of 51

    BEEY 2353

    ELETRICAL
    TECHNOGY
    CHAPTER 1:
    ALTERNATING VOLTAGE &
    CURRENT
    SUBTOPICS
    Objectives
    INTRODUCTIO
    N
    1
    Circuit Theory 1 & Engineering Math- important
    Electrical unit, Ohm’s Law, Kirchoff’s Law etc.
    Abbreviations & Symbols – AC, DC

    “ Why AC is required?
    Whereas we already have
    DC
    DC cannot be transmitted as economically as AC
    transmission systems

    AC can be step-up and down

    Nowadays, many electrical appliances are using AC


    system
    GENERATING
    AC VOLTAGES
    2
    GENERATING AC
    VOLTAGES
    Em = 2πBNAn (V)
    EXAMPLE:

    Solution:
    WAVEFORMS
    TERMS &
    DEFINITION
    3
    Terms:

    1. Period, T - time taken to complete one cycle (s)


    2. Peak value, Vm or Vp, Im or Ip
    3. Peak-to-peak value, Vp-p or Ip-p
    4. Frequency, f – Number of cycles that occur in 1
    second (Hz)
    5. Amplitude – distance from its average to its peak
    EXAMPLE:
    Voltages &
    currents as
    function of time
    4
    example
    exmple
    Average & r.m.s
    values
    5
    average
    Average =

    • For a complete sinusoidal waveform, average


    value = 0 since it is symmetrical.
    • Area for half cycle of sine wave is
    r.m.s (root mean square)
    • Also known as effective value
    • Value to do useful work
    • It is an equivalent dc value – Vac capable of
    producing the same average power as steady dc
    voltage of the same value.
    • E.g: 240Vac capable of producing the same average power as
    240 volts of steady dc
    Form factor & peak factor
    Form Factor is the ratio between the average value and the RMS
    value.

    Form factor

    Crest Factor is the ratio between the R.M.S. value and the Peak value
    of the waveform .

    Peak or crest factor


    Phasor
    representation
    6
    Phasor representation
    Representation of an alternating quantity by a phasor
    •Phasor – Magnitude & Angle
    •It is actually a complex number

    e (t) = Ep sin t  e = Ep  0 (V)

    i (t) = Ip sin t  I = Ip  0 (A)

    Phasor diagram for above:

    •Generally written as e = Ep   and I = Ip   in phasor form


    •In complex form - e = Ep cos  + iEp sin 
    I = Ip cos  + iIp sin 
    i = Im sin(t +  ) = Im  

    Phasor
    diagram

    i = Im sin(t -  ) = Im  -
    example
    Phase difference between voltage and current waveforms is
    40, and voltage lags. Using current as the reference, sketch
    the phasor diagram and the corresponding waveform.

    Repeat the above if the voltage leads by the same angle


    example
    Given V = 20 sin (t + 30) and I =18 sin (t - 40),
    draw the phasor diagram, determine phase relationship,
    and sketch the waveforms.

    V leads I by 700 or I lags V by 700


    Addition & subtraction of
    phasors
    Addition of phasors Substraction of phasors

    C=A+B D=A-B
    Addition & Subtraction of Phasors
    “Vector Breakup Method”
    The instantaneous values of two alternating voltages are
    represented respectively by v1=60 sin  (V) and V2= 40 sin ( -
    /3) (V). Derive an expression for the instantaneous value of :
    a) the sum;
    b) the difference of these voltage (V1 – V2)

    First assume up positive, down negative


    Right positive and left negative
    Horizontal component:
    For V1 = + 60V
    For V2 = cos 600 x 40 = + 20V
     Total Horizontal component = +80V (Means 80V to the right)
    Vertical component:
    For V1 = 0V
    For V2 = - 40 sin 600 = - 34.64V
     Total Vertical component = - 34.64V (Means 34.64V down)
    Apply the same steps as in
    previous
    Try by yourselves…
    Next, try to sketch the waveform
    for both
    exercise
    The instantaneous values of two alternating voltages are represented
    respectively by v1=40 sin  (V) and V2= 60 sin ( + /3) (V). Derive an
    expression for the instantaneous value of :
    a) the sum;
    b) the difference between these voltages
    Thanks!
    Any questions?

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