AC Circuits

Download as docx, pdf, or txt
Download as docx, pdf, or txt
You are on page 1of 15

AC Circuits

Equation for generation of alternating induce EMF


• An AC generator uses the principle of Faraday’s electromagnetic induction law. It states that
when current carrying conductor cut the magnetic field then emf induced in the conductor.
• Inside this magnetic field a single rectangular loop of wire rotes around a fixed axis
allowing it to cut the magnetic flux at various angles.

Generation of EMF
When coil is along XX’ (perpendicular to the lines of flux), flux linking with coil= m. When
coil is along YY’ (parallel to the lines of flux), flux linking with the coil is zero. When coil is
making an angle  with respect to XX’ flux linking with coil,  = m cos ωt [ = ωt]

Alternating Induced EMF


According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction,
Thus, both the induced emf and the induced current vary as the sine function of
the phase angle t  .

Waveform of Alternating Induced EMF

Waveform:
It is defined as the graph between magnitude of alternating quantity (on Y axis) against time
(on X axis).
A.C. Waveforms

Cycle:
It is defined as one complete set of positive, negative and zero values of an alternating
quantity.

Instantaneous value:
It is defined as the value of an alternating quantity at a particular instant of given time.
Generally denoted by small letters.
e.g. i= Instantaneous value of current
v= Instantaneous value of voltage
p= Instantaneous values of power

Amplitude/ Peak value/ Crest value/ Maximum value:


It is defined as the maximum value (either positive or negative) attained by an alternating
quantity in one cycle. Generally denoted by capital letters.
e.g. Im= Maximum Value of current
Vm= Maximum value of voltage
Pm= Maximum values of power

Average value:
It is defined as the average of all instantaneous value of alternating quantities over a half
cycle. e.g. Vavg = Average value of voltage
Iavg = Average value of current

RMS value:
It is the equivalent dc current which when flowing through a given circuit for a given time
produces same amount of heat as produced by an alternating current when flowing through
the same circuit for the same time.
e.g. Vrms =Root Mean Square value of voltage
Irms = Root Mean Square value of current

Frequency:
It is defined as number of cycles completed by an alternating quantity per second. Symbol is
f. Unit is Hertz (Hz).

Time period:
It is defined as time taken to complete one cycle. Symbol is T. Unit is seconds.

Power factor:
It is defined as the cosine of angle between voltage and current.
Power Factor = pf = cos
where  is the angle between voltage and current.

Active power:
It is the actual power consumed in any circuit. It is given by product of rms voltage and rms
current and cosine angle between voltage and current. (VI cos).
Active Power, P= I 2R = VI cos.
Unit is Watt (W) or Kw.

Reactive power:
The power drawn by the circuit due to reactive component of current is called as reactive
power. It is given by product of rms voltage and rms current and sine angle between voltage
and current (VI sin).
Reactive Power, Q= I 2X = VI sin.
Unit is VAR or KVAR.

Apparent power:
It is the product of rms value of voltage and rms value of current. It is total power supplied to
the circuit.
Apparent Power, S = VI.
Unit is VA or kVA.

Peak factor/ Crest factor:


It is defined as the ratio of peak value (crest value or maximum value) to rms value of an
alternating quantity.
Peak factor, Kp = 1.414 for sine wave.

Form factor:
It is defined as the ratio of rms value to average value of an alternating quantity. Denoted by
Kf. Form factor, Kf = 1.11 for sine wave.

Phase difference:
It is defined as angular displacement between two zero values or two maximum values of the
two-alternating quantity having same frequency.

A.C. Phase Difference

Leading phase difference:


A quantity which attains its zero or positive maximum value before the compared to the other
quantity.

Lagging phase difference:


A quantity which attains its zero or positive maximum value after the other quantity.
Phasor Representation of Alternating Quantities:
Sinusoidal expression given as: v(t) = Vm sin (ωt ± Φ) representing the sinusoid in the time-
domain form.
Phasor is a quantity that has both “Magnitude” and “Direction”

Phasor Representation of Alternating Quantities


Phase Difference of a Sinusoidal Waveform
The generalized mathematical expression to define these two sinusoidal quantities will be
written as:

As show in the above voltage and current equations, the current, i is lagging the voltage, v by
angle  . So, the difference between the two sinusoidal quantities representing in waveform
shown in Fig & phasors representing the two sinusoidal quantities is angle  and the resulting
phasor diagram shown in Fig.
Purely Resistive Circuit:
An AC circuit consisting of a pure resistor to which an alternating voltage v t=Vmsinωt is
applied.

Equations for Voltage and Current

From above equations it is clear that current is in phase with voltage for purely resistive
circuit
Waveforms and Phasor Diagram
Purely Inductive Circuit:
AC circuit consisting of a pure Inductor to which an alternating voltage Vt=Vm sinωt is
applied

Equations for Voltage and Current


As show in the Fig. voltage source

Due to self-inductance of the coil, there will be emf indued in it. This back emf will oppose
the instantaneous rise or fall of current through the coil, it is given by

As, circuit does not contain any resistance, there is no ohmic drop and hence applied voltage
is equal and opposite to back emf
Purely Capacitive Circuit:
impedance concept:
In practice, we represent circuit elements by their impedance, and determine
magnitude and phasor relationships in one step. Before we do it, however, we
need to learn how to represent circuit elements as impedance.
The equation is sometimes referred to ohm's law for A.C circuit

Where V and I are the r.m.s magnitudes of V and I


respectively, and  is the angle between them.
Pure resistance: The current IR is in phase with the applied voltage VR as
shown in the phasor. The impedance Z of the circuit is given by

Pure inductance:
In an A.C. circuit containing pure inductance L only, the current IL lags the
applied voltage VL by 90° as shown in the phasor diagram. The impedance ZL
of the circuit is given by

You might also like