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    Chi Squared Test

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    Eric Issel Thomas
    The document provides information about the chi-squared test, which is used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the expected frequencies and observed frequencies in one or more categories. It gives the null and alternative hypotheses, how to calculate the chi-squared value, how to determine the degrees of freedom, and how to compare the chi-squared value to critical values from a chi-squared probability table to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. An example comparing expected and observed results from a dihybrid cross experiment in rabbits is also presented to illustrate how to apply the chi-squared test.

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    Chi Squared Test

    Uploaded by

    Eric Issel Thomas
    10 views17 pages
    The document provides information about the chi-squared test, which is used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the expected frequencies and observed frequencies in one or more categories. It gives the null and alternative hypotheses, how to calculate the chi-squared value, how to determine the degrees of freedom, and how to compare the chi-squared value to critical values from a chi-squared probability table to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. An example comparing expected and observed results from a dihybrid cross experiment in rabbits is also presented to illustrate how to apply the chi-squared test.

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    The document provides information about the chi-squared test, which is used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the expected frequencies and observed frequencies in one or more categories. It gives the null and alternative hypotheses, how to calculate the chi-squared value, how to determine the degrees of freedom, and how to compare the chi-squared value to critical values from a chi-squared probability table to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. An example comparing expected and observed results from a dihybrid cross experiment in rabbits is also presented to illustrate how to apply the chi-squared test.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    10 views17 pages

    Chi Squared Test

    Uploaded by

    Eric Issel Thomas
    The document provides information about the chi-squared test, which is used to determine if there is a statistically significant difference between the expected frequencies and observed frequencies in one or more categories. It gives the null and alternative hypotheses, how to calculate the chi-squared value, how to determine the degrees of freedom, and how to compare the chi-squared value to critical values from a chi-squared probability table to determine whether to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. An example comparing expected and observed results from a dihybrid cross experiment in rabbits is also presented to illustrate how to apply the chi-squared test.

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    You are on page 1of 17

    Chi Squared Test

    Ahan and Eric


    Why
    To distinguish between two distinct possibilities and therefore tests two
    contrasting hypothesis

    Eg: To test if there is a positive association between two species of plants


    living in an area

    Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the distribution


    of two species (ie: distribution is random)
    Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference (ie: they are
    associated somehow)
    • X^2 = chi (Greek alphabet) squared
    • Summation thing
    • Observed is observed values
    • Expected values formula = (row total * column total)/overall total

    • Degrees of freedom = (number of columns - 1) x (number of rows - 1)


    Null Hypothesis (H0): There is no association
    Alternative Hypothesis (H1): There is an association

    Create an Observation Table with row and column totals


    Add all the values from the (O-E)^2/E column:
    2.45 + 1.4 + 1.93 + 1.78 = 7.56 (this is the chi-squared value)

    Coming up: The probability table


    Degrees of Freedom = (2 - 1) x (2 - 1) = 1
    As biologists, we work at a probability of 0.05, or 5%
    • The chi-squared value of 7.56 is larger than the critical value of 3.84
    • This means that there is a significant association between the two species

    • If the chi-squared value is larger than the critical value, there is a statistically
    significant difference between observed and expected values, or a
    statistically significant association between two sets of results
    • In this case, the null hypothesis can be rejected
    • If the chi-squared value is equal to or smaller than the critical value, there is
    no statistically significant difference between observed and expected values,
    or no statistically significant association between two sets of results
    • In this case, the null hypothesis can be accepted
    Dihybrid Cross Example
    • An experiment was carried out investigating the inheritance of two genes in
    rabbits
    One for coat colour and one for ear length
    • A dihybrid cross revealed the expected ratio of phenotypes to be 9 : 3 : 3 : 1
    • Several rabbits with the double-heterozygous genotype were bred together and the
    phenotypes of all the offspring were recorded
    • The ratio of the offspring was not exactly what was predicted, but was reasonably
    close
    • In order to determine whether this was due to chance or for some other reason, the
    chi-squared test was used
    • The expected number of each phenotype is the fraction of the total
    number of rabbits governed by the 9:3:3:1 ratio
    • These are 9/16, 3/16, 3/16 and 1/16 of 160, respectively
    • In order to understand what this chi-squared value of 2.93 says about
    the data, a table relating chi-squared values to probability is needed
    • The chi-squared table displays the probabilities that the differences between
    expected and observed are due to chance
    • The degrees of freedom can is calculated by subtracting 1 from the number of
    classes
    • In this example, there are four phenotypes which means four classes, 4 – 1 = 3
    • This means that the values in the third row are important for comparison
    • For this experiment, there is a critical probability of 0.05
    • This means that 7.82 is the value used for comparison
    • The chi-squared value from the results (2.93) is much smaller than 7.82
    • 2.93 would be located somewhere to the left-hand side of the table, representing
    a probability much greater than 0.1
    • This means that there is no significant difference between the expected and
    observed results, any differences that do occur are due to chance
    Thank You

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