Advanced Stress Analysis

ME-514
Dr. Massab Junaid
Introduction:
• One of the frustrations of an experimental stress analyst is the lack of
a universal experimental procedure that solves all problems. A.S.
KOBAYASHI
• Stress Analysis
• For structures that don’t exist (FE simulations)
• For Structures and prototypes in operating conditions
• Closed loop analysis. ESA
Introduction:
• One of the frustrations of an experimental stress analyst is the lack of
a universal experimental procedure that solves all problems. A.S.
KOBAYASHI
• Stress Analysis
• For structures that don’t exist (FE simulations)
• For Structures and prototypes in operating conditions
• Closed loop analysis. ESA
 Mohr's Circle in 2D
• Thus, any equation of form:
r 2   y  b 2  x  a 2
may well be a circle.
• Remember from plane stress:

• When we combine these relations we get an

equation that is susceptibly that of a circle:
Christian Otto Mohr
Civil Engineer
(October 8, 1835 – October 2, 1918)
THEORIES OF STRESS AND STRAIN
Chapter 2
Stress at a Point

• Average force, Normal force, Shear force

• Average Stress, Normal Stress, Shear Stress
Stress Notation

• Newton's Third Law

 Symmetry of the Stress Array And
Stress on an Arbitrarily Oriented Plane

• Summation of moments
Vector Product
• Vector Dot Product:
▫ The dot product of two vectors u and v is defined
as:
u  v  u v cos 

• Vector Cross Product:

▫ The cross product of two vectors u and v is
defined as: u  v  u v sin 
Direction Cosines
Direction Cosines
Stresses on arbitrary planes with normal
along x, y and z direction

x  ?
y ?
z  ?
Stresses on arbitrary planes with normal along x, y and z direction

x  ?
y ?
z  ?
Stresses on Arbitrary Oblique Plane
• Lets cut the cubic element from corner to corner to
form a tetrahedron.
• Where, l, m and n are direction cosines of unit normal
vector N
Stresses on Arbitrary Oblique Plane
• Let denote σP to be the resultant of stresses acting on
the oblique plane with normal N. So
0 BC 0 AC 0 BA
P  x  y  z
ABC ABC ABC
0 BC 0 AC 0 BA
l ,m  ,n 
ABC ABC ABC
Stresses on Arbitrary Oblique Plane
• Or we could write them in terms
of the projections of P

• Thus, we can compare the above

relations with the following:
Stresses on Arbitrary Oblique Plane
• Or we could write them in terms of the projections of
P
 Px   xx l   yx m   zx n
 Py   xy l   yy m   zy n
 Pz   xz l   yz m   zz n
Normal stresses on the Oblique plane
• The normal stress component of  P by finding the
can be determined
projection of  P oblique
in the direction of the normal N of the given
plane.
• In other words:
 PN   P  N
 PN 
( xx 
l   yx m   zx n)iˆ  ( xy l   yy m   zy n) ˆj  ( xz l   yz m   zz n)kˆ  liˆ  mˆj  nkˆ 
Shear stresses on the Oblique plane
• Now that we have the normal stresses and resultant
stresses on the oblique plane, we can use the
Pythagoras theorem to evaluate the shear stresses. As
in the figure.
Transformation of Stress
• Remember that if the orientation of the plane
assumed is changed the stress distribution changes.
• The overall state of stress of the system, however,
remains the same.
• The same is the case for the reference axes assumed.
• We have different stress distribution with respect to
different reference coordinate systems, however the
overall state of stress of the system remains the same.
Transformation of Stress
• Lets assume a rectangular coordinate system (X, Y, Z), w.r.t. the
original Rectangular CS (x, y, z), such that they share a common
origin.
For Example :
l1  cos  xX
m3  cos  yZ
n1  cos  zX
• The direction cosines are given as:
Transformation of stresses
• By Orthognality:
• From (x, y, z) ~ (X, Y, Z)

• From (X, Y, Z) ~ (x, y, z)

Transformation of Stress (example)
Transformation of Stress
• We have already calculated that the normal stress in
an oblique plane with direction cosines l, m, n is
given as:

• Thus, using the directional cosines as in the table we

get,
Transformation of Stress
• Lets assume that the N1, N2, N3 are the normal
vectors parallel to X, Y and Z axes respectively.
• Thus, is the shear component of the resultant
 XY 
in the direction
 X of N2 (Y direction)
• Similarly, is the shear component of the resultant
in the direction
XZ of N3 (Z direction)
• And So on…. X
Transformation of Stress
• To find the component
 
we XYevaluate the dot
product of and  X OR the dot product of
 N2. and
 Y for other shear stress components.
N1. And Similarly
Thus:
Principal Stresses
• “The normal stresses at planes where the
corresponding shear components of stresses vanish
(are ZERO) are Principal Stresses”
• These planes are Principal Planes.
• The axes normal to these mutually perpendicular
planes are Principal Axes.
• In other words, the principal stresses act on principal
planes and are directed towards the principal axes.
Principal Values And Directions
• On principal plane the shear stresses vanish so , we
write: .
• We know,  Px   xx l   yx m   zx n
 Py   xy l   yy m   zy n
 Pz   xz l   yz m   zz n
• We also know that the shear stresses in these eqns. Is
zero or we can write as:
 Px   xx   l   yx m   zx n  0
 Py   xy l   yy   m   zy n  0
 Pz   xz l   yz m   zz   n  0
Principal Values and Directions
• The equations above mentioned are consistent IF
their determinant is ZERO:

• By expanding we get:

• Where, I1, I2 and I3 are called the stress invariants

Stress Invariants

The invariants of stress

are named so as they DO
NOT change their
magnitudes when the
axes are transformed
Principal Values and Directions

• The above equation is a third order equation,

therefore, will have three roots .
• These three roots are the Principal Stresses.
• The principal stresses remain the same regardless of
the coordinate systems (in terms of both direction and
magnitude).
• The stress invariants in terms of principal stresses is
given as:
Octahedral stress
• In any case if a plane is rotated in such a way that:

• As in figure,

• The normal and shear components associated with such planes are
called octahedral normal and shear stress.
• There exist eight such planes.
Octahedral Stress
Octahedral stress
• We have:

• Also,

• And,

• Thus we have,
Mean and Deviator stress
• By Experiments we know that, the yielding and
plastic deformation is independent of a normal stress
called the MEAN STRESS
• The mean stress equals the octahedral stress.
• We can write the overall stress tensor T as:
Mean and Deviator Stress
• Tm is the Mean Stress tensor and Td is the deviatoric
tensor.
• It is called Deviatoric stress tensor because it represents
the change from the hydrostatic state of stress.
• If we consider only Td and find the stress invariants we
get that:
Mean and Deviator stresses
• Note that J1 is equal to zero.
• J1 stress invariant represents pure normal stress.
• Thus we conclude that the deviatoric stress represents
the state of PURE SHEAR.
• The diagonal terms of the deviatoric tensor sum up to
be 0.
Plane stress
• A stress tensor that is independent of z.
• In other words the direction cosines with respect to z
are zero.
• Thus the complete state of stress is defined by three
components of stress.

• The directions cosines are therefore given as

Plane Stress
• Thus, the stress components are given as,

• The relations are derived from substituting the values

of directional cosines in:
Plane Stress
• The stress invariants for plane stress case are given as,

• Note yet again that the terms related to z direction are set to be zero.
• Means that the stress DOES NOT VARY ALONG Z DIRECTION.
Principal Values and Directions

• The above equation is a third order equation,

therefore, will have three roots .
• These three roots are the Principal Stresses.
• The principal stresses remain the same regardless of
the coordinate systems (in terms of both direction and
magnitude).
• The stress invariants in terms of principal stresses is
given as:
Octahedral stress
• In any case if a plane is rotated in such a way that:

• As in figure,

• The normal and shear components associated with such planes are
called octahedral normal and shear stress.
• There exist eight such planes.
Octahedral Stress
Octahedral stress
• We have:

Remember
• Also,

• And,

• Thus we have,
Octahedral stress

Remember
• As we have,

• Remember, invariants are remain unchanged so,

Mean and Deviator stress
• By experiments we know that, the yielding and plastic
deformation in ductile materials is independent of a normal
stress called the MEAN STRESS.
• The mean stress equals the octahedral stress.

• We can write the overall stress tensor T as:

 Mean and Deviator Stress
• Tm is the Mean Stress tensor and Td is the deviatoric tensor.
• It is called Deviatoric stress tensor because it represents the
change from the hydrostatic state of stress.
• If we consider only Td and find the stress invariants we get that:
Mean and Deviator stresses
• Note that J1 is equal to zero.
• J1 stress invariant represents pure normal stress.
• Thus we conclude that the deviatoric stress represents
the state of PURE SHEAR.
• The diagonal terms of the deviatoric tensor sum up to
be 0.
Plane stress
• A stress tensor that is independent of z.
• In other words the direction cosines with respect to z
are zero.
• Thus the complete state of stress is defined by three
components of stress.

• The directions cosines are therefore given as

Transformation of Stress
• We have already calculated that the normal stress in
an oblique plane with direction cosines l, m, n is
given as:

• Thus, using the directional cosines as in the table we

get,
Transformation of Stress
• To find the component
 
we XYevaluate the dot
product of and  X OR the dot product of
 N2. and
 Y for other shear stress components.
N1. And Similarly
Thus:
Plane Stress
• Thus, the stress components are given as,

• The relations are derived from substituting the values

of directional cosines in:
Plane Stress
• The stress invariants for plane stress case are given as,

• Note yet again that the terms related to z direction are set to be zero.
• Means that the stress DOES NOT VARY ALONG Z DIRECTION.
 Plane Stress

OR
Equation of Circle

• We have a circle with center at

coordinates (a, b) and radius r.
• Say there exists a point on the
circumference of the circle with
coordinates (x, y).
• We can make a right angle triangle
out of it as shown and find the
equation of circle using the
Pythagoras Theorem.
a 2  b2  c2
 r 2   y  b 2  x  a 2
Mohr's Circle in 2D
• Thus, any equation of form:
r 2   y  b 2  x  a 2
may well be a circle.
• Remember from plane stress:

• When we combine these relations we get

an equation that is susceptibly that of a
circle: Christian Otto Mohr
Civil Engineer
(October 8, 1835 – October 2, 1918)
Mohr's Circle in 2D
• Compare the suspect equation with the equation of
circle and conclude that:

• Where, R is the radius of the circle, whose center is

at:
Mohr's Circle in 2D
• If we put θ= 0 in the following equations

• we get:

• Also:
Mohr's Circle in 2D
• The principal stresses and the maximum shear
stresses are thus, given by the relations:
Mohr's Circle in 2D
Mohr's Circle in 3D
• Failure of load-carrying members is associated with
maximum shear and maximum normal stresses.
• Maximum value of normal stress is the largest
principal value.
 1  2  3
• We had two principal stresses and we drew plane
stress Mohr’s circle (in 2D), where we assumed that
the stresses along z do not influence the state of stress
i.e. the principal stress normal to z was equal to ZERO.
Mohr's Circle in 3D
• So, Three circles can be drawn (one the largest that
holds the other two):-
Mohr's Circle in 3D
• The maximum value of
shear stress is equal to the
radius of the largest
circle. Or:

• Where, is the
maximum value of stress
along the axis.
• For a general case where
σ2 is NOT ZERO:
Mohr's Circle in 3D
• Let l, m, n be the direction cosines corresponding to the
principal axes then the normal stress is given as:
• The corresponding shear value is:

• Also,
• Solving simultaneous equations,
Mohr's Circle in 3D
• We can also write as:

• Or,