Heating, Ventilating,

Refrigeration and Air

Conditioning

Chapter 8

Presented by: CUNANAN, MARION JAY T.

 Definitions
Refrigeration – is the achievement of a temperature below
that of the immediate surrounding
Refrigeration System – an assembly of 4 major component,
namely Compressor, Condenser, Expansion valve, Evaporator
Air Conditioning – the process of treating air so as to control
simultaneously its temperature, humidity, cleanliness. And
distribution to meet the requirements of the conditioned space.
Ventilation – the process of supplying or removing air by
natural or mechanical means to or from any space. Such air
may or may not have been conditioned.
Humidity – Unless otherwise stated will mean the relative
humidity in per cent. This is the ratio of the actual (measured)
partial pressure of the water vapor in the air mixture to its
saturation pressure at the same dry bulb temperature.
 Definitions
Effective Temperature – an empirically determined index,
which combines into a single value the effect of temperature,
humidity and air movement on the sensation of warmth or
cooled felt by the human body.
Tons of refrigeration – the useful refrigerating effect equal
to
12 660 KJ/HR
Note: TOR = 288,000 Btu/ 24 hrs = 12,000 Btu/hr
=12,000 x 1.055
= 12,660 KJ/hr

Brazed Joint – is a gas-tight joint, obtained by the joining of

metal parts with alloy which melt at temperature higher than
538 ◦C , but less than the melting point of the joint parts
Brine – any liquid cooled by the refrigerant to used for
transmissions of heat without a change in its state
Compressor – a mechanical device used in refrigerating
system for the purpose of increasing the pressure upon the
refriegerant
 Definitions
Condenser – a vessel or arrangement of pipe
or tubing in which vaporized refrigerant is
liquefied by the removal of heat
Condensing Unit – a specific refrigerating
machine combination for the given refrigerant
, consisting of one or more power driven
compressors, condenser, liquid receiver and
regular-furnished accessories
Container – a cylinder for transportation of
refrigerants.
Design working pressure – the maximum
allowable working pressure for which a vessel
is designed.
Duct - a passage way made of sheet of
metal or other suitable material not
necessarily leak tight, used for conveying air
or other gases at low pressures.
 Definitions
Evaporator – that part of the system in which liquid refrigerant is
vaporized to produce refrigeration
Expansion coil - an evaporator constructed of pipe or tubing
Fusible Plug – a device with a predetermine temperature fusible
member for the relief pressure.
Generator – a device equipped with heating element used in
Refrigerating system to increase the pressure of the refrigerant in
its gas or vapor state for the purpose of liquefying the refrigerant.
Liquid Receiver – a vessel permanently connected to a system
by inlet and outlet pipe for storage of the liquid refrigerant.
Machinery Room – equipment including any of all the following
compressor, condenser, generator absorber, receiver, connecting
pipe ,evaporator, air handling unit, dehumidifier, humidifier, heat
exchanger, complete system unit.
 Definitions
Machinery Room, Class 1 – a room having machinery other than
flame producing apparatus permanently installed and operated
and also having:
b) Door which are tight-fitting, fire resisting and self-closing
c) Walls which are vapor tight and approve fire resistive construction
d) An exit door which directly to the outside air or through vestibule-
type exit equipped with self-closing, tight-fitting door.
e) Exterior openings which, if present are not under any fire escape
or any stairway.
f) All pipes piercing the interior walls or floor of such room, tightly
sealed to the wall s of floor through they which they pass
g) Emergency remote controls located immediately outside to stop
the action of the refrigeration compressor
 Definitions
g) mechanical means ventilation.
h) Emergency remote control for the mechanical means ventilations
located outside.

Mechanical Joint – a mechanical joint is a gas-tight joint, obtained by

joining of metal parts through positive holding mechanical
construction
Piping – pipe or tube main for interconnecting the various par of a
refrigeration system.
Pressure Limit Devices – a pressure responsive mechanism designed
to automatically stop the operation of the compressor in a
predetermine pressure.
Pressure Relief Devices – a valve head closed by a spring of other
means and designed to automatically relieve pressure in excess of its
setting.
 Definitions
Pressure Vessel - any refrigerant containing receptacles of a
refrigerant system, other than the evaporator .
Refrigerant – a substance which produce a refrigerating effect by
its absorption of heat while evaporating.

Refrigerating system
a) Absorption - a refrigerating system in which the refrigerant
gas evolved in the evaporator is taken up in an absorber and
released in a generator upon application of heat.
b) brine – an indirect refrigerating system employing brine as
the circulating liquid.
c) cascade – one having two or more refrigerant circuit, each
with a imposing element, condenser and evaporator, where the
evaporator of one circuit cools the condenser of another.
 Definitions
Refrigerating system
d) Central point – a system with two or more low side connected
to a single central high side ; multiple system.
e) Brine Spray – a refrigerating scheme for cooling by a mist or
spray of brine.
f) Chilled water – an indirect refrigerating system emploting water
as circulating liquid
g) Compression – a refrigerating system in which the pressure
imposing element is mechanically operated.
h) Direct expansion - a refrigerating system in which the
evaporator is in direct contact with the refrigerating material or
space or is located in air circulating passage communicating with
such space.
 Definitions
Refrigerating system
i) Flooded - a refrigerating system in which only part of the
refrigeration system passing over the heat transfer surface is
evaporated, and the portion not evaporated is separated from
the vapor and recirculated.
j) Indirect - a refrigerating system in which a liquid such as brine
or water cooled by the refrigerant, is circulated to the material or
space refrigerated or is used to cool air so circulated
k) Mechanical - a refrigerating system in which employing a
mechanical compression device to remove the low pressure
refrigerant enclose in the low pressure side and deliver it to high
pressure side of the system.
 Definitions
Refrigerating System:
l) Multiple – a refrigerating system in which using direct method
in which refrigerant is delivered to two or more evaporator is
separate room or refrigerator.
m) Single-package – a complete factory made and factory-
tested refrigerating system in a suitable frame or enclosure
which fabricated and shipped in one or more section and in
which no refrigerant-containing part are connected in the field.
n) steam-jet vacuum – a water vacuum refrigerating system in
which nozzle and acting to eject water vapor from the
evaporator, and maintain a requisite low pressure in the
evaporator, and produced the requisite pressure on the high-
side by virtue of compression in a following diffusion passage.
o) vapor – a refrigerating system employing a condensable
vapor as refrigerant.
 Definitions
Heating – with reference to this chapter, implies the utilization of
refrigeration system , but of the purpose in rejecting heat at high
temperature; is also known as Heat Pump
Heat Pump – uses the same equipment as a refrigeration system
but it operate for the purpose of delivering heat at a high level of
temperature.
Rupture Member – a device that will automatically rupture at a
predetermine pressure.
Soldered Joint – is a gas-tight joint, obtained by the joining of metal
part with metallic mixture or alloy which melt at temperature below
538°C and above 176.7°C
Stop valve – a shut-off valve other than a valve for controlling the
flow of refrigerant.
Tenant - as a heroin used a tenant shall be constructed as a
person, firm or corporation possessed with the legal rights to occupy
premises .
 Ventilation Standard in Air
Conditioning
Temperature and humidity of air to be used for
the comfort cooling shall be maintained at 20°C –
23°C effective temperature at an air movement
from 4,570 to 7,620 mm/min
The air quality must be free from toxin,
unhealthful, or disagreable gases. Fume and shall
be relatively free from odor and dust.
The air in all rooms and enclosed space shall be
distributed with reasonable uniformity
The carbon dioxide concentration when measured
91.0 mm above the floor shall not exceed to 100
ppm.
The quality of air used be ventilate the space
during occupancy shall be always to maintain,
(temp., quality, motion and distributon)
 Table 8.2
DESIRABLE INDOOR CONDITION FOR DIFFERENT OUTDOOR
TEMPERATURE

Outdoor temperature Indoor temperature

Dry Bulb Effective Dry Bulb

37.8°C 23.9°C 27.8°C

35.0 23.3 27.2

32.2 22.8 26.7

29.4 22.2 26.1

 Table 8.2.5
OUTDOOR AIR REQUIREMENT
CMM per Person

Application Occupant Smoking Recommended Minimum

Apartment, average Some 0.567 0.283

Banking space Occasional .0.283 0.213
Barbershop Considerable 0.425 0.283
Beauty Parlor Occasional 0.283 0.213
Board Room Very heavy 1.417 0.567
Cocktail Bar Heavy 1.134 0.708
Dept. Store None 0.213 0.142
Director’s Room Extreme 1.417 0.850
Drugstore Considerable 0.283 0.213
Factory none 0.283 0.213
5 & 10 store None 0.213 0.142
Funeral Parlor None 0.283 0.213
Hospital, Priv. Rm. None 0850 0708
Hosp., Ward None 0.567 0.283
Hotel Rm. Heavy 0.850 0.708
 Lab. Some 0.567 0.425
Meeting Room Very heavy 1.417 0.850
Offices, General Some 0.425 0.283
Offices, Private None 0.708 0.425
Offices, Private Considerable 0.850 0.708
Cafeteria Considerable 0.340 0.283
Dining Room Considerable 0.425 0.340
Shop, Retail None 0.283 0.213
Theater None 0.213 0.142
theater some 0.425 0.288
 Ventilation Standard in Air
Conditioning
The desirable temperature in air conditioned space increases
as the outdoor temperature increases as shown in table 8.2
The quality of outdoor air required to control body odor
satisfactory increases as the volume space per occupant
increase.
TABLE 8.2.7
MINIMUM OUTDOOR REQUIRED TO REMOVE OBJECTIONABLE
BODY ODORS FOR SEDIMENTARY ADULT WORKER
Air space/ person Outdoor air supply/
Cubic meter Occupant
2.8 0.7 m3/min
5.7 0.5 m3/min
8.6 0.4 m3/min
14.2 0.2 m3/min
 Refrigerating Classification

Group 1

Carbon dioxide CO2

Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12 CCL2F2

Dichloromonofluoromethane R-21 CHCL2F

Dichlorotetrafluoromethane R-114 C2CL2F4

Dichloromethane CH2CL2

Trichloromemonofluoromethane R-11 CCL3F

 Refrigerating Classification

Group 2

Ammonia NH3
Dichloroethylene C2H2Cl2
Ethyl Chloride CH3Cl
Methyl Formate HCOOCH3
Sulfur Dioxide SO2
 Refrigerating Classification

Group 3

Butane C4H10

Ethane C2H8

Isobutane CH

Propane C3H8
Location in which Refrigerating System may be
place are grouped by occupancy as follows.:
Institutional Occupancy
 Hospital, asylum, sanitarium, police station, jails, court houses with cell
etc.
Public Assembly
 Auditorium, assembly rooms, ball rooms, broadcasting studios,
churches, dept. store, fraternity halls, libraries theater, etc.
Residential Occupancy
 Apply to a portion of building which sleeping accomodation is provided.
Commercial occupancy
 Apply to a portion of building used for transaction of business, for
rendering professional services or for supplying food and drinks.
Industrial occupancy
 Apply to a entire building occupied by single tenant for manufacturing
process, processing or storage of material, product including chemical,
food, candy, ice cream factories, ice making etc.
refrigerant Institutional Public Assembly Residential Commercial Industrial
occupancies Occupancies occupancies Occupancy Occupancies
Group1 -Unit system -The maximum Same rules as on Same rules as on There are no
containing not more quantity of this public assembly public assembly restriction on the
than 4.55 kg of refrigerant used in occupancies occupancies quantity or kind of
refrigerant and then a Direct system for refrigerant used in a
when only window human comfort industrial
should be limited to
or other ventilation Occupancy
as follows:
is provided. CO2 - 0.19 kg/m3
-System each
R-12 – 0.48 kg/m3
containing not more Carrene 1- 0.10 kg/m3
than 9.10 kg may be R -21 – 2.10 kg/m3
installed in kitchen, R-114 – 6.43 kg/m3
laboratories etc. R-11 -5.64 kg/m3
System more than -System containing
9.10 kg shall be shall more than 22.73 kg
be the indirect type. of refrigerant shall
be indirect type
unless it conform to
requirements to as
follow.
1. positive
automatic fire
damper
2. automatic close
the damper and fan
when the temp of
air in the duct reach
51.7°C
System Containing
454.6 kg shall be
Indirect type and
mounted outside the
building or
installed in a
machinery room
refrigerant Institutional Public Assembly Residential Commercial Industrial
occupancies Occupancies occupancies Occupancy Occupancies

Group 2 -Unit System Unit system not -No system -system containing
containing not more more than 5.45 kg containing this more than 9.10 kg of
than 2.72 kg in or in a system refrigerant shall be this refrigerant shall
kitchen, lab, etc or containing not more used in a air- not be used for air
system containing than 454.80 kg of conditioning for conditioning for
not more than human comfort
refrigerant and human comfort
227.30 kg installed unless it is Indirect
in “ class 1 installed in a class 1 unless in a indirect, Vented Close
machinery room machinery room. Vented close Surface System,
-Shall not be used in - Air conditioning Surface System or Double Indirect,
a system for air for human comfort Absorptive Brine -- Vented Open Spray
conditioning for except in an System. System or indirect
human comfort , indirect, Vented System containing Absorptive Brine --
except in a indirect Surface System or more than 136.36 kg System.
vented closed Absorptive Brine of this refrigerant -system containing
surface system or in System. shall have contained more than 272.73 kg
a double indirect in a Class 1 of this refrigerant
vented open spray Machinery room shall have all
system or in a refrigerant
indirect absorptive containing part
brine system installed in a class 1
machinery room

Group 3 Shall not be used in Shall not be used in Shall not be in used Shall not be in used
a institutional a Public Assembly except for the except for the
occupancies Occupancies system not more system not more
than 2.73 kg than 2.73 kg
 Water Discharged

Water discharged from evaporator, condenser and other machinery

shall not directly connected in waste or sewer in a such manner as
to permit siphoning of the waste water and supply line. The waste
water discharged from such equipment shall be over and above the
rim of a properly trapped and vented plumbing fixture or suitable
storm drain
 Machinery Room
Each refrigerating machinery room shall provide with adequate door
or openings that will permit the passage of the machinery into the
machinery room
Each refrigerating machinery room shall be provided with means for
ventilation to the out side. The ventilation shall consist of window
door opening to the outside of the size given below or where power
driven exhaust fans are used continuously they shall have sufficient
capacity as shown in Table 8.2.16.
 Machinery Room
Field erected air conditioning system shall have the following
minimum control instruments:
 A) Direct Expansion:
• Room thermostat
• Solenoid Valve (Liquid Line)
• Face and Bypass Damper with modulator motor
• Compressor Low and High Cut-off
• Compressor Oil Pressure Cut-off

B) Chilled Water
• Room Thermostat
• Face and Bypass Damper with modulator motor
• Chiller flow switch
• Chiller low water temperature cut-off;
• Compressor High Pressure Cut-off
 Table 8.2.16

Weight of refrigerant in CMM of exhaust fan Duct Area Area of Open Window
system
9.09 4.25 0.023 0.372
22.73 7.08 0.031 0.558
45.45 11.34 0.046 0.929
68.18 15.69 0.062 1.162
90.90 19.27 0.062 1.301
113.64 22.67 0.093 1.394
136.36 25.50 0.093 1.580
181.82 31.17 0.116 1.859
227.27 36.13 0.139 2.231
Weight of refrigerant in CMM of exhaust fan Duct Area Area of Open Window
system

272.73 41.09 0.139 2.231

318.18 46.19 0.139 2.417
363.64 51.01 0.186 2.603
409.09 55.26 0.186 2.788
454.55 58.09 0.186 2.881
568.18 63.76 0.209 3.067
681.82 70.85 0.209 3.469
795.45 76.51 0.209 3.532
909.09 82.18 0.209 3.718
1136.36 93.52 0.232 3.997

1363.64 104.05 0.279 4.462

1818.18 130.35 0.349 5.112

2272.73 155.86 0.418 5.763

2727.27 178.53 0.465 6.321

3181.82 204.04 0.511 6.878

3630.36 266.71 0.534 7.436

 Ducting
It should be constructed entirely of non combustible materials
such as iron, steel , aluminum or other approve material
Duct system shall design and install in accordance with the
recognize and acceptable method such as contained in ASHAE
guide
It shall be fabricated and erected in workman like manner so that
it should be straight, true dimension and smooth in the inside with
neatly finished and air-tight joint.
they should be properly supported by hanger and brackets.
Exposed duct sleeves and flanged shall be fabricated from 0.8
mm thick G.I. sheet
Flanged not less than 102 mm wide shall be installed tightly
against the wall on each side and fastened to the sleeves.
Sleeve shall be 51 mm larger than the duct.
 Duct
Access door shall be provided at all automatic damper, fire damper ,
thermostat and other apparatus requiring service and inspection in
the duct system . The Door shall be 305 mm x 457 mm
Sheet metal connection must be made up of felt, air handling unit of
where the duct or dissimilar metal are connected, a non-flexible
connection of 425 gram woven asbestos approximately 152 mm
width be installed.
 Installation of Ducts
Hangers and Brackets for supporting duct shall be made of metals .
Duct exposed from weather shall be wrap with weather proofing
materials
Fire doors and fire dampers shall be arranged to close automatically
and remain tightly close upon operation heat actuated device
located where readily affected by an abnormal rise of temperature.
Capacity of equipment shall not less than the calculated heat gain
and shall sufficient to maintain the design condition within the space
to be cooled
 Air Filter
Shall have a minimum rating of 60% efficiency and higher
efficiency for special application
Filters shall be sized to provide not less than 0.093 m² of total face
area per 8.5 CMM of air and shall ready accessible for cleaning or
replacement.
 Noise Abatement
The sound level due to operation of equipment as measured 40
decibel weighted at the center of the conditioned space 914 mm
above the floor shall not higher than 45 decibel for normally
furnished room and 50 decibel for an unfurnished room
Cold Storage and Refrigeration
Cold storage shall mean the storage or keeping the of all the article
of food at a temperature , not to exceed - 5.55 °C above 0° in a
cold storage ware house
Refrigerated storage shall mean the storage or keeping the of all the
article of food at a temperature , not to exceed 4.4°C in which
preserve meat , pork, fowl, butter, shrimps, lobster, etc…
And ice plant is closely associated with cold storage or refrigerated
storage, but should be treated process plant rather than accessory
to the buiding
Refrigerant Piping, Valves, Fitting
and other Related parts
Materials – all materials used in the construction and installation of
Refrigeration System shall be suitable for refrigerant
used.
Pipe joint may be screwed, flanged or welded. Screw joint shall
conform to R.P. Standard
Valves, Flanges, and fittings may be made of cast iron, malleable
iron, bronze or bronze and shall be design and material listed by
the manufacturer for the particular refrigerant service
Cast iron shall conform from ASTM, designation A-126-30 class B
higher strength gray iron with not less than 206 700 N/m²
Standard pipe size copper or red brass not less than 80% may be in
use
Copper tubing shall conform from ASTM, designation B-88-33
grade K or L for dimension and shall free from scale and dirt
 Stop Valve
Stop valve shall be installed on all system containing more than 9.09
kg but less than 45.45 kg of refrigerant at location as follows:

 A) Each inlet and each outlet pipe of each compressor

 B) Each outlet of each liquid recievers
 Stop Valve
Stop valve shall be installed on all system containing 45.45 kg or
more of refrigerant at location as follows:
 A) Each inlet and each outlet pipe of each compressor

B) Each inlet and each outlet of each liquid receivers
 C) Each Liquid and each suction of each header

Stop valve placed where it is not obvious what they control shall be
suitable labelled. Numbers may be used to label the valve provide a
key to the numbers is located near valve.
 Pipe and Tube support
All refrigerant piping shall be securely supported by means of metal
hanger, brackets, straps, clamps, or pedestal in such manner as to
relieves joint of harmful strains and vibration. Hangers for refrigerant
piping above 22 mm outside diameter, shall not be less than 0.806
cm ²
Location of Refrigerant Piping
Refrigerant Piping shall not be placed in public hallway, lobbies,
stairways, elevators, or dumb-waiter shaft, excepting that such
refrigerant piping may across a public hallway, and provide a non-
ferrous tubing of 25.4 mm nominal outside diameter and less be
contained in a rigid metal pipe.
 Design and Construction
Every part of a refrigeration system, except pressure gauge and
control mechanism, shall be designed, constructed and assemble
and withstand the test pressure without being stress beyond 1/3 of
the ultimate strength
Equipment listed and refrigerant containing vessel recognized and
not recognized by engineering laboratory having a follow-up
inspection service
 Pressure Relief Devices
Each pressure vessel containing liquid refrigerant and which mat be
shut off by valve from all other parts of refrigerating system, shall be
protected by a pressure relief valve in parallel with the rapture
member.
Compressor operating 103.25 KPa gage and a having a
displacement exceeding 2.83 m³/ min shall be equipped by the
manufacturer with a pressure relief device of adequate size to
prevent rupture of compressor, located between compressor and
stop valve on the discharged aids.
 Required Capacity
The minimum required rated discharged capacity of pressure relief
device for refrigerant containing vessel shall be determined by this
formula:

C = f x D x L x 4.89
105
where:
C = minimum required rated discharged capacity of the relief device in
kg of air per minute
D = Outside Diameter of the vessel in mm
L = Length of the vessel in mm
f = Factor depend upon kind of refrigerant as follows:
KIND OF REFRIGERANT ……………………………………VALUE OF f

Ammonia (NH3) …………………………………………………...0.1

Dichlorodifluoromethane R-12...…………………………………0.3
All other refrigerant ……...………………………………………..0.2
 Pressure Setting
The pressure setting of the relief devices for refrigerant containing
vessel shall be tested with the outlet open to the atmosphere and
the relief device shall function at pressure not more than 10 %
above the marking pressure.
 Marking
All pressure relief valves for refrigerant containing vessel shall be
sealed by the manufacturer. The name or trade of the manufacturer,
the pressure setting must be expressed in KPa, the rated
discharged capacity in kilogram per air minute etc.
Each rapture member of the refrigerant containing vessel shall have
cast or stamped on the device or metal plate and the bursting
pressure of the rapture member shall be indicated in KPa
Discharged From Pressure Relief Device

Pressure relief devices and fusible plug on all systems containing

more than 13.46 kg of refrigerant .
The size of discharge pipe of the vessel should not less than the
size suction.
 Ammonia Discharge
The discharge of the amonia is to a tank of water which shall be
used no purpose but to ammonia absorption only. At least 3.78 liter
of fresh water in every 0.45 kg of ammonia
 Sulfur Dioxide Discharge
The discharged may be into a tank of absoptive tankwhich serve no
purpose except to sulfur dioxide absorption. The shall be 3.78 liter
of standard dichromate brine, 1.14 kg of sodium dichromate per
0.46 kg of sulfur dioxide of the system. Brine made with caustic
soda or soda ash may be used in place of sodium dichromate.
 Pressure Limiting Devises
Pressure limiting devices are required on all system containing
more than 9.09 kg of refrigerant and operating above atmospheric
pressure and on all Water Cooled System so constructed that the
compressor or generator is capable of producing a pressure excess
of the test
Pressure limiting device stop the action of the compressor if the
pressure exceed more than 90 % of the test pressure given
Pressure limiting device shall be connected between the
compressor and the stop valve on the discharge side.
 Test of Refrigerant Containing
Vessel
The shell of which have been previously tested under hydrostatic
pressure of not less than one and one-half times the Design
Working
Gauges – Liquid level gauge glasses , except those of the bull’s eye
type have automatic closing shut-off valves, and such glasses shall
be adequate protected against injury.
Motor Protection – Motor of Refrigerating System shall be
protected against hazardous overheating under normal or abnormal
operating condition.
 Instructions
All Refrigerating System shall be maintained in a cleanly manner,
free from oily dirt, waste and other debris and shall kept readily
accessible at all times
There shall be a person in charge in the premise in which the
refrigerating system is installed, to place a card conspicuously as
near as practicable to the refrigerant condensing unit giving
direction for the operation of the system, including precaution to be
serve in case of breakdown or leak as follows

Instructing of shutting down in case of emergency

Name, address day and night telephone number for obtaining
service

Name , address and telephone no of the municipal inspection
department having jurisdiction and instruction notify said
department immediately in case of emergency
 Signs
each Refrigerating System shall be provided with an easily legible
metal sign permanently attached and easily accessible, indicating
the name of the manufacturer or installer, kind and total number of
kilogram of refrigerant contain by the system.
System containing not less than 45.45 kg of refrigerant should be
provided with metal sign having a letter not less than 13 mm in
height designating the main shut-off valve each vessel, main steam
or electrical control, remote control switch, and pressure lifting
device, on all exposed high and low pressure piping in each room
where installed outside the machinery room , shall be a sign as
above the name of the refrigerant and the letters LP or HP