Electric Machines

Synchronous Motors
•WORKING
• Synchronous motor operates based on the

principle of magnetic locking.
• Magnetic locking occurs when two unlike
magnetic poles are brought close together.
• Strong magnets experience a powerful force of
attraction between their unlike poles.
• This attraction causes the two magnets to
become magnetically locked.
The synchronous motor The stator windings are
generates two magnetic excited by a three-phase
fields by exciting the AC supply, while the
windings of both the rotor windings are
stator and rotor. excited by a DC supply.
When the three-phase

This rotating magnetic
winding is energized by
flux moves in space at a
the AC supply, it
speed known as the
produces a rotating
synchronous speed.
magnetic flux.
The generated magnetic field is
referred to as the rotating magnetic
field
The rotating magnetic field simulates

the effect of physical magnets
rotating in space at the synchronous
speed.
The stator of the synchronous motor

effectively produces a magnet that
rotates in space at the synchronous
speed.
1. Using pony motors
2. Using damper winding
Methods of 3. As a slip ring induction motor
Starting 4. Using small d.c.
machine coupled to it.
Synchronous Motor
1.Using Pony motors
• Such an external device is called 'Pony Motor’.

• After the rotor reaches the synchronous speed, the DC
excitation is applied to the rotor windings.
• Once synchronization is achieved, the auxiliary pony motor is
disengaged or decoupled.
• The synchronous motor remains in sync with the AC power
supply even after the pony motor is disconnected.
2.Using Damper Winding
In a synchronous motor, in addition to the normal field
winding, the additional winding consisting of copper bars
placed in the slots in the pole faces.
The bars are short circuited with the help of end rings.
Such an additional winding on the rotor is

called damper winding
This winding as short circuited, acts as a squirrel cage rotor

winding of an induction motor.
• Once the stator is excited by a three phase supply, the motor
starts rotating as an induction motor at sub synchronous
speed.
• Then dc. supply is given to the field winding.
• At a particular instant motor gets pulled into synchronism

and starts rotating at a synchronous speed.
• As damper winding is short circuited and motor gets started

as induction motor, it draws high current at start so
induction motor starters like star-delta, autotransformer etc.
3.As a Slip Ring Induction
Motor
•The previous method of starting synchronous motor as a squirrel cage induction motor
does not provide high starting torque.
•The three ends of this winding are brought out through slip rings.
• An external rheostat then can be introduced in series with the rotor circuit.
• So when stator is excited, the motor starts as a slip ring induction motor and due to
resistance added in the rotor provides high starting torque.
•When motor attains speed near synchronous, d.c. excitation is provided to the rotor,
then motor gets pulled into synchronism and starts rotating at synchronous speed.
• It can be observed from the Fig. 7.7.1 (b) that the same
three phase rotor winding acts as a normal rotor winding
by shorting two of the phases.
4.Using Small D.C. Machine
• Many a times, a large synchronous motors are

provided with a coupled dc machine.
• This machine is used as a dc motor to rotate
the synchronous motor at a synchronous
speed.
• Then the excitation to the rotor is provided.
• Once motor starts running as a synchronous
motor, the same dc machine acts as a d.c.
generator called exciter.
V-curves and Inverted
V-curves of Synchronous
Motor
V-Curves and Inverted V-Curves
• On basis of Excitations
• If excitation is varied from very
low(under excitation) to very high(over
excitation) value then current Ia decreases
• And becomes minimum at unity power
factor and again it increases
• But, initial lagging currents become unity
and then become leading in nature
• These excitation can be increased by
increasing the field current in the field
winding of synchronous motor
• The graph on armature current against
the field current is plotted this is shaped
as English alphabet v
Ia vs If
• such a graphs are obtained at various load
conditions are known as v-curves of
synchronous motor
• If graph on the power factor is plotted
against the field current.
COS φ vs If
• then shape of graphs are inverted on
various load conditions called as inverting
v curves of synchronous motor
Experimental setup to obtain V-curves
• Stator connected to 3φ supply.
• I/p measured by 2 wattmeter method
Ammeter & voltmeter reads line values
• Rheostat in potential divider
arrangement used in field circuit.
• By varying Rheostat, voltage is
controlled and If can be changed.
• Hence motor can be subjected to cosφ =cos
variable excitation condition
 It is seen that, when synchronous motor is
HUNTING on no load, the stator and rotor pole axes

almost coincide with each other.
IN  When motor is loaded, the rotor pole axis

falls back with respect to stator. The angle
by which rotor retards is called load angle or
SYNCHRO angle of retardation δ .

If the load connected to the motor is suddenly
NOUS
changed by a large amount, then rotor tries to
retard to take its new equilibrium position.
MOTOR
 But due to inertia of the rotor, it cannot achieve its final
position instantaneously.
 While achieving its new position due to inertia it passes
beyond its final position corresponding to new load.
 This will produce more torque than what is demanded and
this will try to reduce the load angle and rotor swings in
other direction.
 So there is periodic swinging of the rotor on both sides of
the new equilibrium position, corresponding to the load.
 Such oscillations of the rotor about its new equilibrium
position, due to sudden application or removal of load is
called swinging or hunting in synchronous motor.
 Hunting, in simple words, means something moving back
and forth repeatedly, like a swing or a pendulum. In the
context of a synchronous motor, hunting is when its speed
keeps shifting back and forth due to changes in the load or
power supply.
Due to such hunting, the load angle δ changes its value about its final value.
As δ changes, for some excitation i.e. Eph the current drawn by the motor
also changes.
Hence during hunting there are changes in the current drawn by the motor
which may cause problem to the other appliances connected to the same line.
CHANGES IN
ARMATUR
E
CURRENT
DUE TO
HUNTING
 If such oscillations continue for longer period, there are large fluctuations in the current.
 If such variations synchronise with the natural period of oscillation of the rotor. the amplitude
of the swing may become so great that motor may come out of synchronism.
 At this instant mechanical stresses on the rotor are severe and current drawn by the motor is
also very large.
 So motor gets subjected to large mechanical and electrical stresses.
USE OF DAMPER WINDING TO
PREVENT HUNTING
 It is mentioned earlier that in the slots provided in the pole faces a short circuited winding is
placed. This is called damper winding .
 When rotor starts oscillating i.e. when hunting starts a relative motion between damper winding
and the rotating magnetic field is created. Due to this relative motion, emf gets induced in the
damper winding.
 According to Lenz's law, the direction of induced emf is always so as to oppose the cause
producing it. The cause is the hunting.
 So such induced emf oppose the hunting. The induced emf tries to damp the oscillations as quickly
as possible.
 Thus hunting is minimised due to damper winding
 The time required by the rotor to take its final
equilibrium position after hunting is called as
setting time of the rotor.
 If the load angle δ is plotted against time, the
schematic representation of hunting can be
obtained as shown in the Fig.
 It is shown in the diagram that due to damper
winding the setting time of the rotor reduces
considerably
Introduction to
Synchronous Condensers
• Definition and purpose: A synchronous condenser is a
synchronous rotating machine used to improve power factor and grid
stability
condenser • Overexcited synchronous motor results in leading power
factor current.
• No-load condition, small load angle (θ), and overexcitation
(E > V) lead to power factor angle approaching 90°.
• Motor operates at nearly zero leading power factor.
• Resembles a standard capacitor, consistently exhibiting
leading power factor current.
• Overexcited synchronous motor under no-load → Referred
to as synchronous condenser or synchronous capacitor.
• This trait enables synchronous motors to serve as phase
advancers or power improvement devices.
•Low power factor amplifies costs in electrical energy
generation, distribution, and transmission.
•Correction of low power factor is essential.
Power Factor •Correction involves connecting a synchronous motor to
the supply and running it no-load with overexcitation.
Correction: •Let Vph represent applied voltage and I1 represent
current lagging Vph by angle Φ1.
•Power factor Φ1 is significantly low and lagging.
• Explanation of power factor: The ratio of real power to
apparent power in an AC circuit
•Role of synchronous condensers: They provide
reactive power, helping to correct lagging power factor
and reduce line losses
•I2 is the current due to the synchronous motor
• For higher current, conductor size
required is more which increases
DISADVANTA the cost
GE • Large current means more copper
losses and poor efficiency

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Synchronous Motors

• Synchronous motor operates based on the

When the three-phase

The rotating magnetic field simulates

The stator of the synchronous motor

• Such an external device is called 'Pony Motor’.

Such an additional winding on the rotor is

This winding as short circuited, acts as a squirrel cage rotor

• Then dc. supply is given to the field winding.

• At a particular instant motor gets pulled into synchronism

• As damper winding is short circuited and motor gets started

• Many a times, a large synchronous motors are

HUNTING on no load, the stator and rotor pole axes

IN  When motor is loaded, the rotor pole axis

SYNCHRO angle of retardation δ .

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