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DISCUSSION
 OPENING PRAYER
Dear Lord and Father of all,
thank you for today.
Thank you for ways in which you provide for us all.
For your protection and love we thank you.
Help us to focus our hearts and minds now on what we are about to learn.
Inspire us by Your Holy Spirit as we listen and write.
Guide us by your eternal light as we discover more about the world around
us.
We ask this in the name of our Lord Jesus.
Amen.
THE STUDY OF
CHEMISTRY
 What is chemistry?
• Chemistry is a subdiscipline of science that deals with the study of
matter and the substances that constitute it.
• It also deals with the properties of these substances and the
reactions undergone by them to form new substances.
• Chemistry primarily focuses on atoms, ions, and molecules which,
in turn, make up elements and compounds.
• These chemical species tend to interact with each other through
chemical bonds. It is important to note that the interactions
between matter and energy are also studied in the field of
chemistry.
 History of Chemistry
• The B.C. Era- The early years of history didn't have many significant
scientific developments, but there was one surprisingly important
development in the fifth century B.C.
• Democritus (465 B.C.)- First to propose that matter exists in the form
of particles. Coined the term 'atoms.’ "by convention bitter, by
convention sweet, but in reality atoms and void"
• Alchemists (~1000–1650)- the alchemists sought a universal solvent,
attempted to change lead and other metals into gold, and tried to
discover an elixir which would prolong life. The alchemists learned how
to use metallic compounds and plant-derived materials to treat
diseases.
• Sir Robert Boyle (1637–1691)- Formulated the fundamental gas laws. First
to propose the combination of small particles to form molecules.
Differentiated between compounds and mixtures.
• Evangelista Torricelli (1643)- Invented the mercury barometer.
• Otto von Guericke (1645)- Constructed the first vacuum pump.
• James Bradley (1728)- Uses aberation of starlight to determine the speed of
light to within 5% accuracy.
• Joseph Priestley (1733–1804)- Discovered oxygen, carbon monoxide, and
nitrous oxide. Proposed electrical inverse-square law (1767).
• Nicholas Le Blanc (1742–1806)- Invented process for making soda ash from
sodium sulfate, limestone, and coal.
• A. Volta (1745–1827)- Invented the electric battery.
 5 Branches of Chemistry
1. Organic Chemistry: Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its
compounds. It is the study of the chemistry of life and reactions
occurring in living organisms. An organic chemistry might study organic
reactions, the structure and properties of organic molecules, polymers,
drugs, or fuels.
2. Inorganic Chemistry: Inorganic chemistry is the study of compounds
not covered by organic chemistry. It is the study of inorganic compounds,
or compounds that don't contain a C-H bond. A few inorganic compounds
do contain carbon, but most contain metals. Topics of interest to
inorganic chemists include ionic compounds, organometallic compounds,
minerals, cluster compounds, and solid-state compounds.
3. Analytical Chemistry: Analytical chemistry is the study of the chemistry of
matter and the development of tools to measure properties of matter.
Analytical chemistry includes quantitative and qualitative analysis,
separations, extractions, distillation, spectrometry and spectroscopy,
chromatography, and electrophoresis. Analytical chemists develop standards,
chemical methods, and instrumental methods.
4. Physical Chemistry: Physical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that
applies physics to the study of chemistry, which commonly includes the
applications of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics to chemistry.
5. Biochemistry: Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes that occur
inside of living organisms. Examples of key molecules include proteins,
nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, drugs, and neurotransmitters.
Sometimes this discipline is considered a subdiscipline of organic chemistry.
Biochemistry is closely related to molecular biology, cell biology, and
genetics.
 Other Branches of Chemistry
• Astrochemistry: Astrochemistry examines the abundance of elements and
compounds in the universe, their reactions with each other, and the
interaction between radiation and matter.
• Chemical Kinetics: Chemical kinetics (or simply "kinetics") studies the rates
of chemical reactions and processes and the factors that affect them.
• Electrochemistry: Electrochemistry examines the movement of charge in
chemical systems. Often, electrons are the charge carrier, but the discipline
also investigates the behavior of ions and protons.
• Green Chemistry: Green chemistry looks at ways of minimizing the
environmental impact of chemical processes. This includes remediation as
well as ways of improving processes to make them more eco-friendly.
• Geochemistry: Geochemistry examines the nature and properties of
geological materials and processes.
• Nuclear Chemistry: While most forms of chemistry mainly deal with
interactions between electrons in atoms and molecules, nuclear chemistry
explores the reactions between protons, neutrons, and subatomic particles.
• Polymer Chemistry: Polymer chemistry deals with the synthesis and
properties of macromolecules and polymers.
• Quantum Chemistry: Quantum chemistry applies quantum mechanics to
model and explore chemical systems.
• Radiochemistry: Radiochemistry explores the nature of radioisotopes, the
effects of radiation on matter, and the synthesis of radioactive elements and
compounds.
• Theoretical Chemistry: Theoretical chemistry is the branch of chemistry that
applies mathematics, physics, and computer programming to answer
chemistry questions.
The Scientific Method
• The scientific method is a process by which observations are
questioned; hypotheses are created and tested; and the
results are analyzed.
• The scientific method was used even in ancient times, but it
was first documented by England’s Sir Francis Bacon (1561–
1626) who set up inductive methods for scientific inquiry.
• The scientific method can be applied to almost all fields of
study as a logical, rational, problem-solving method.
The Scientific Processes
Examples of Chemistry in Our Daily
Lives
• The process of photosynthesis that enables plants to
convert water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into
glucose and oxygen is a chemical reaction.
• Soaps and detergents that are used for hygiene work
using a chemical process known as emulsification.
• Even the sunscreen used by humans to protect
themselves from the harmful UV-A and UV-B radiation
of the sun is based on chemistry.
Kinetic Molecular
Model of Liquids
and Solids
The Kinetic Theory: A Microscopic
Description of Matter
The kinetic molecular theory of matter offers a
description of the microscopic properties of atoms (or
molecules) and their interactions, leading to observable
macroscopic properties (such as pressure, volume,
temperature). An application of the theory is that it
helps to explain why matter exists in different phases
(solid, liquid, and gas) and how matter can change from
one phase to the next.
What are the Three States of
Matter?
• The three primary states of matter are the solid,
liquid, and gaseous states.
• All the materials we see in our daily lives (from ice-
cream to chairs to water) are made up of matter.
Matter
• Everything that takes up space and has mass is matter,
which is the “stuff” that makes up the cosmos. Atoms,
which are made up of protons, neutrons, and
electrons, are the building blocks of all matter.
• Matter is defined as everything that has mass and
volume (takes up space).
Three States of Matter
 The kinetic molecular theory of matter
states that:
• Matter is made up of particles that are constantly moving.
• All particles have energy, but the energy varies depending on the
temperature the sample of matter is in.
• The temperature of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic
energy of the particles.
• A change in phase may occur when the energy of the particles is
changed.
• There are spaces between particles of matter.
• There are attractive forces between atoms/molecules, and these
become stronger as the particles move closer together.
Three States of Matter with Examples
1. Solids
• The solid state is one of the fundamental states of matter.
• Solids differ from liquids and gases by the characteristic of
rigidity.
• The molecules of solids are tightly packed because of strong
intermolecular forces; they only oscillate about their mean
positions.
• Solids can be defined as the state of matter which has
definite shape and volume and has a rigid structure.
2. Liquids
• The molecules in a liquid are closely packed due to weak
intermolecular forces.
• These forces are weaker than solids but stronger than that of
gases.
• There is much space in between the molecules of liquids
which makes their flowing ability easy.
• Liquids can easily acquire the shape of a vessel, and they
have a fixed volume.
3. Gases
• The intermolecular forces experienced between them
are negligible.
• Thus, translatory, rotatory and vibratory motions are
observed prominently in gases.
• Gases do not have any fixed shape or volume.
• They also possess high compressibility and thermal
expansion.
Changes of State of Matter
• Solid → Liquid Melting or fusion
• Liquid → Gas Vaporization
• Liquid → Solid Freezing
• Gas → Liquid Condensation
• Solid → Gas Sublimation
• Gas → Solid Deposition